Leopoldville 1950s - Tropical Modernism sets the tone

After WWII, and particularly with the ground-breaking construction of the Forescom Building (See May 28, 2011), high-rise buildings came to define the Leopoldville skyline as unique among the major cities in the colony. Indeed, richer provinces such as Katanga resented this apparent transfer of wealth to the capital.  Generally described as “tropical modernism”, the architectural genre drew heavily from the “international style” popular in Europe and North America, but with particular attention to accommodating tropical sunlight and heat.  These developments were enhanced by ambitious physical planning to shape the colony’s capital city, including Boulevard Albert 1er and plans for a monumental “Boulevard de la Dominion” intersecting Blvd. Albert as it passed through the government administrative district of Kalina (now Gombe) and which was intended to provide major vantage points for monumental buildings (See July 31, 2011). Several architects contributed significantly to the city’s metamorphosis.

Downtown Leopoldville -- Blvd. Albert - l959 (14 of the structures featured in the 3 posts since July 31 can be found in this photo)

Maurice Houyoux (1903-1960).   Houyoux, and partner Jules Ghobert, were awarded the winning designs in 1947 for the Mont des Arts redevelopment of Brussels, which incorporated the Albert 1er Library.  The Mont des Arts project, which continued through the 1950s, has been compared with the plans for the government district of Kalina in Leopoldville. In the late 1940s, Hoyoux received commissions from the Banque du Congo Belge (BCB) for buildings in Leopoldville, Stanleyville (Kisangani), Bukavu and Luluabourg (Kananga). The Bank project in Leopoldville, located next to the original pre-WWI structure on Ave. Hauzeur (Wagenia), also included apartments for bank staff.  The building now houses the Portfolio Ministry.

The Banque du Congo Belge, Ave. Hauzeur - 1949

BCB in Luluabourg



BCB in Stanleyville



BCB in Bukavu

The bank complex in Leopoldville

BCB staff apartments behind the main building

The Ministry of Portfolio - 2010

In the mid-1950s, Houyoux also designed the Interfina building on Blvd. Albert 1er and the CCCI (Compagnie du Congo pour le Commerce et de l'Industrie) building, also on the Boulevard, opposite the new post office (See Mar. 19, 2011). The Bank, Interfina trading firm and CCCI holding company were all subsidiaries of the Société Générale de Belgique.

The Interfina building, Blvd. Albert 1er -- 1950s

The Interfina building, Blvd. 30 Juin -- 2011

The CCCI building 1959

The Governor General leads a parade past the CCCI building

The CCCI building 2006

Lambrichs' winning design

Marcel Lambrichs (1917-1986). Lambrichs was a partner with Georges Ricquier in the Groupe Alpha in Belgium, which collaborated on the Cité administrative de l’Etat in Brussels in the mid-1950s.  In 1951 Lambrichs submitted the winning bid for the new Governor General’s residence at Kalina Point in Ricquier’s grand design for the governmental district (See July 31, 2011).  Construction of the more classical building, incorporating an arcaded façade and central cupola began in 1956 and was converted to serve as Congo’s first Parliament building at Independence in 1960.

The Governor General's residence on the eve of Independence (Aug. 1959)

The CADECO offices

Caisse d'Epargne. In 1953, Lambrichs received the commission for the Caisse d’Epargne du Congo (CADECO) headquarters in Kalina, in a competition in which Claude Laurens and Charles Van Neuten also submitted designs. CADECO was a savings institution created in 1950 to encourage Congolese to save for housing.  The headquarters building on Ave. Prince Charles (now CADECO) comprised a broad base housing the administrative offices topped by a 5-story tower with apartments for senior staff.

The Belgian Embassy 1960 -- Ivory Market in the Place Braconnier

Belgian Embassy.
Lambrichs also won the competition for the Building du Cinquantenaire, completed in 1958 to commemorate fifty years Belgian colonial rule.  Located on the Place Braconnier, the building has housed the Belgian Embassy since Independence.  After Independence, Lambrichs’ design for the Social Security agency INSS was erected on Blvd. 30 Juin (See June 28, 2011).


Kinois awaiting transportation at Place Braconnier, Belgian Embassy in background -- 2003

Claude Laurens (1908-2003). In the post-war period, the Belgian airline, Sabena, expanded services as did most airlines.  War surplus aircraft were widely available and new long-range planes, such as the Douglas DC-4, were coming on line.  In Brussels, Sabena’s new terminal set a signature statement. 



SABENA publicity for the first DC-4 flight arriving in Leopoldville Feb. 4, 1946 -- 25 hours from Brussels



The Cercle de Leopoldville on Blvd. Albert 1er

In 1951, Sabena commissioned Claude Laurens to undertake a series of commercial and residential projects for the firm in Congo.  Laurens had been born in Paris, the son of celebrated sculptor Henri Laurens, and grew up around such artists as Picasso, Chagall, Braque and Matisse, who were regular visitors. After working for the Bureau technique de Reconstruction in Zurich, he set up his own practice in Belgium in 1946.  Sabena wanted to build a new terminal in downtown Leopoldville and a luxury hotel adjacent to it on Blvd. Albert.  The site for the hotel, to be called “Aviamar”, was the Cercle de Leopoldville (See Mar. 19, 2011).   One of Laurens’ first tasks was to design a new building for the Cercle to induce it to move (presumably to the Golf Course, where it is today, though the Laurens design was never built).

The SABENA terminal (foreground) and proposed Hotel Aviamar behind

The apartment buildings were set on two-story piers

The Sabena Buildings. Laurens’ next project for Sabena was residential housing for Sabena staff and aircrews.  In January 1952, he produced plans for three 60 meter towers raised on piers to provide parking space and promote air circulation (See Mar. 19, 2011).  All access routes (stairs, elevators) were in a separate column along the side of the building.  The land-use plan was influenced by Le Corbusier and Oscar Niemeyer’s designs for Brasilia, but the buildings were not popular with Sabena staff, who would have preferred individual houses and gardens and which they could see all around them.  Only two of the towers were built.  Nonetheless, the buildings remained iconic of the “new” Congo and featured frequently in the colonial government public relations materials. 

The SABENA buildings looking west on Blvd. Albert 1er

The SABENA buildings shortly after completion in 1956

SABENA building and Blvd. 30 Juin - 2011

Sabena’s Urban Terminal. The plans for the downtown air terminal were completed in 1954.   Located on Ave. du Port, the building provided ticketing and baggage registration on the ground floor and two floors of administrative offices above.  When completed in January 1956, passengers could check in and board Sabena’s courtesy bus for the trip to the airport.  

The SABENA Terminus Urbain on Ave. du Port -- Note old Cercle de Leopoldville extreme right

The designs for the 145-room Hotel Aviamar were completed in 1953 and featured a banquet hall, drug store, beauty parlor, offices and other amenities.  Facing Blvd. Albert in the heart of downtown Leopoldville, the luxury hotel was intended to provide international standard as Leopoldville became a hub for Africa. By the late 1950s recession hit the global economy and plans for the Aviamar were shelved.

The Terminus Urbain - Interior

Lignes Aeriennes Congolais Terminal - Ave. du Port

The Banque International de Credit

Other projects by Laurens in Kinshasa include the Crédit Congolais building (1954) on Ave. Beernaert (now the Banque Internationale de Crédit, Ave. Equateur) which housed the British and Liberian Embassies in the 1960s; the DIFCO garage (d’Ieteren Frères au Congo -- Volkswagen dealership, 1955) on Ave. Basoko; the Sarma retail complex next to the Central Market (1956), and Résidence Leopold II (1955) on Ave. Wagenia, now the Centre Médical de Kinshasa.

Residence Leopold II, Ave. Hauzeur - 1958

   

Notwithstanding this volume of work, Laurens never moved to Congo, preferring to fly in to visit his on-going projects.  In 1959, he submitted an unsuccessful concept for the Cultural Center of the Belgian Congo.  After Independence, he developed a number of projects in Rwanda, including Kigali Airport.

Sources:

·        Caltagirone, Sandra. 2010. Maurice Hoyoux sous les Tropiques,Les Nouvelles du Patrimoine, pp. 27-29.

·        dePange, Isabelle. 2010. Modernisme sous l’Equateur, Claude Laurens au Congo, Les Nouvelles de la Patrimone, pp. 30-32.

·        Lagae, Johan. 2004. Colonial Encounters and Conflicting Memories: shared colonial heritage of the former Belgian Congo, The Journal of Architecture, Summer 2004, pp. 173-197.

·        Lagae, Johan. 2007. Léopoldville, Bruxelles: Villes Miroirs? L’Architecture et l’Urbanisme d’une Capitale Coloniale et Metropole Africaine, pp. 67-100, in: Vellut, Jean-Luc,  Villes d’Afrique: explorations en histoire urbaine, Tervuren: Musee Royale de l’Afrique Centrale.

Leopoldville 1915 - Architects Matter

In the early years of Leopoldville and Kinshasa’s development, architecture was rarely practiced as a profession but derived from the work of missionaries, military officers, public works engineers and private contractors.  Indeed, Sims Chapel in Kintambo (See Apr. 30, 2010) was the work of a medical doctor, while Ste. Anne Cathedral in Kinshasa was built by Brother Reygaerts of the Catholic Scheut Mission.  Many early buildings were pre-fabricated in Europe and assembled in the colony, including the British Consulate erected in Kinshasa in 1906, the NAHV building and the Hotel A.B.C. (See July 3, 2011 & Mar. 27, 2011).

Sainte Anne Church

In 1915, the Ministry of Colonies called for an increase in the number of architects assigned to the Colony, confirming that the practice was not to be viewed as a luxury.  Some buildings from this period escape identification of their designer, such as the Banque du Congo Belge, constructed before World War I.  Many other buildings from this period exist whose provenance is yet to be identified.

The Banque du Congo Belge on Ave. Hauzeur (Wagenia) in 1929

The original Post Office in Kinshasa was built in 1916, the work of Gaston Boghemans (1891-1984), an architect established in Belgium (See Feb. 20, 2011).  After WWI, Boghemans was considered an authority on colonial housing, whose designs promoted wrap-around verandahs as a passive cooling system for tropical dwellings.

The Post Office under construction

The Poste in the 1920s, Ave Aviateurs and Albert Monument (L)

 In 1925, Ernest Callebout (1887-1952), another Belgian-based architect, designed the public market on Ave. Cambier (See Feb. 6, 2011).   The project was financed by the Crédit Foncier Africain (CFA), founded by the Bank of Brussels in 1921, and which also financed Callebout’s Hotel Metropole in Matadi, which similarly incorporated “orientalist” details in the design.  After the Public Market moved to its current site in 1943, businessmen Maurice Alhadeff and Henri Palacci opened Rodina La Coupole, evoking Alhadeff’s home island of Rhodes.   In 1967, the store opened under Congolese ownership as African Lux.

The vacant lot on Ave. Cambier (Ebeya, R) where the market was built

The covered market shortly after completion. View from Ave. Cambier - Office du Travail, later City Hall (R)

The covered market in 1942 just prior to relocation

Rodina La Coupole in the 1950s

The market in 2005

After King Albert and Queen Elisabeth’s visit in 1928, a new hospital was planned on a hill in Kalina, where the new administrative district of the colony was being built (See Jan. 9, 2011).  The initial Art-Deco design was by Richard Lequy, an architect with the Public Works Department.  Lequy also provided plans for an expansion of the Hopital du Rive, the original hospital below on the rapids Chanic, which became a hospital for lepers in the 1950s.

Clinique Reine Elisabeth shortly after completion

Clinique Reine Elisabeth - The Chapel

The Hospital complex - The Chapel lower right

In 1932, Father Beckers began construction of St. Pierre parish (See. Feb. 6, 2011), the first catholic mission in the growing African township south of the European town of Kinshasa.

St. Pierre Church - the altar

The following year, architect E. Haline-deVillefort designed the Institut Princesse Astrid next to the Hopital des Congolais in Kinshasa which was developed to improve the practice of tropical medecine.  The Institute was named for Astrid, the wife of Leopold III, who became King in 1934.  Leopold and Astrid visited the colony in 1925 and the Princess made a point of visiting the nearby Congolese hospital.

Insitut Princess Astrid - The Bacteriolgical Laboratory

The Laboratory from the rear - 2010

The Ecole des Assitants Médical Indigènes (School for native medical assistants) was built in 1934 behind the Institute by another Public Works engineer, J.Popijn.  Popijn also designed some of the buildings at College Albert and the Parc Sports Ermens (See Feb. 6, 2011).

Ecole AMI in 2010

The 1930s also witnessed the introduction of art-deco designs.  Rene Schoentjes (1891-1949), the Chief Engineer of the Colony in the 1930s, designed the Gare and Albert Monument in the late 1930s (See) as well as the European hospital in Albertville (Kalemie).  He also contributed designs for the Governor General’s residence, but when this was rejected, after WWII, given the commission for the secular European schools in Leopoldville, Elisabethville (Lubumbashi), and Bukavu.  In a departure from his earlier art-deco work, the unadorned mass of the Gare is repeated in the main building of the Athenée.

The Gare Central

Schoentjes' rendering of the Athenée -1940s

The Athenée, now Institut de la Gombe - 2010

Sources:

·        Vellut, Jean-Luc. 2001. Intinéraires Croisés de la Modernité, Congo Belge 1920-50, Institut Africain-CEDAF.

·        www.wikinshasa.org