tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-30421018733691627342024-03-17T16:25:32.393+01:00Kinshasa Then and NowKinshasa was a village on the south bank of the Congo when Stanley passed through in 1877. He returned in 1881 and established Leopoldville on the banks of contemporary Kintambo and Ngaliema. A post was opened upriver at Kinshasa in 1883. In 1923 Leopoldville was named the capital, comprising both Kinshasa and Leopoldville, established at Kalina (now Gombe), while "old" Leopoldville remained the capital of the Province. The Leopoldville-Kinshasa agglomeration was renamed Kinshasa in 1966.Mwana Mbokahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01575491982841275224noreply@blogger.comBlogger102125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3042101873369162734.post-23485591282981062892024-03-08T21:02:00.002+01:002024-03-08T21:03:33.901+01:00Leopoldville 1949 – Speakerine Pauline Lisanga <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">This International Women’s Day we remember Congolese women who pushed the boundaries of traditional roles in the years before Independence in 1960. </span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">At twenty-three, Pauline Lisanga in 1949 became the first female announcer for Radio Congo Belge’s (RCB) new service for Africans. Born in Leopoldville of a family from Lisala, she attended primary school and two years of Ecole Menagère, then taught primary school in the city. Along with Marie-Louise Mombila and Marie-Josee Angebi, who joined RCB in 1951 and 1955 respectively, they were “top of the charts”. At Independence in 1960, Pauline was Vice President of the Mouvement des Femmes du Congo and in 1961 named Director of Radio Services in the Ministry of Information. Mamas Mombila and Angebi remained with RTNC and in 1966 created and co-hosted an oldies request show called “Tango ya ba Wendo”. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzrl3WpRNAVSaDLwwEqBVPTZfuud1PLv7yvtqawrwCeO0jEEGOo9vrLiHmsFLAElrWTBdjf2P8edaarzcPz03d7EA9lOmyPwkiLv2rTr2Nu-Dz0LkWcgf2CsJvmsvi_h-tJXsdJ5HcZ38aAtBL0BRXcTbuvjxGoq1lZJfOwwflx8Tok1MNS47zfvtyKVQ/s2062/Leo%20Radio%20CB'57%20P.Lisanga%20(getty)-copy.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1250" data-original-width="2062" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzrl3WpRNAVSaDLwwEqBVPTZfuud1PLv7yvtqawrwCeO0jEEGOo9vrLiHmsFLAElrWTBdjf2P8edaarzcPz03d7EA9lOmyPwkiLv2rTr2Nu-Dz0LkWcgf2CsJvmsvi_h-tJXsdJ5HcZ38aAtBL0BRXcTbuvjxGoq1lZJfOwwflx8Tok1MNS47zfvtyKVQ/w640-h388/Leo%20Radio%20CB'57%20P.Lisanga%20(getty)-copy.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pauline at the microphones</td></tr></tbody></table></div><span style="font-size: large;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Other women contributed the female voice to RCB’s programming. Here Anne Kitambala, Anne Marie Matasu and Marguerite Elanga plan a radio sketch in the 1950s with Albert Mongita, who also joined the radio in 1949.</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaji5BxGoIfiGJkbgbPU34f2OTfr5u9jG4VmW5FQvxaYRnBfd5CgX6v8wfCh93JLG720ENHDeUq1iqUCPydtsnp1dulpclpSypqb1TjoQ_U1d8gmmdV855dUqe0tzhjqjQ9DsEQ5oFEJdHFY3LAivwkZ9_dixuBRh8F6nlSBKEj4QTHfGXJEXYz5zwa6M/s1475/Leo%20RCB%20Sketch%20(delc3a)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1070" data-original-width="1475" height="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaji5BxGoIfiGJkbgbPU34f2OTfr5u9jG4VmW5FQvxaYRnBfd5CgX6v8wfCh93JLG720ENHDeUq1iqUCPydtsnp1dulpclpSypqb1TjoQ_U1d8gmmdV855dUqe0tzhjqjQ9DsEQ5oFEJdHFY3LAivwkZ9_dixuBRh8F6nlSBKEj4QTHfGXJEXYz5zwa6M/w640-h464/Leo%20RCB%20Sketch%20(delc3a)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Planning the radio sketch in the studio</td></tr></tbody></table></span><span style="font-size: large;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Victorine Ndjoli Elonga was the first woman in Kinshasa to obtain a driver’s license in 1955. Also a graduate of the Franciscan Sisters Ecole Menagère, she tired of making baby clothes and hats at the foyer social and did some modeling for advertisements – bicycles and powdered milk among others. At 21, against the wishes of the male members of her family, she enrolled in the driver’s education school. She told David Van Reybrouck in 2008 that afterwards, he father was proud of her. After Independence, “Mama Vicky” went into politics and remained a figure in women’s empowerment until her death in 2015.</div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXo-btTBAk7i6-AoT8uqUUbeeJ2gmGAfeN9rjCo2tVynsDEJFy046shlcAsdYOe-c7f6al8CacPyRzqF92SOQUXkZHJ5plr1cC2fbVVjQ5DkvG9xiYGF3_pIfaclLbuBVxr9GW9JbJc3pDlInYYAxAGA_-MfwNkMZMAZhYrBVwicPt06nDvFDGdK_SHBo/s1200/Ndjoli,%20Victorine'55%201st%20DL%20(instagram)-copy.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="864" data-original-width="1200" height="460" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXo-btTBAk7i6-AoT8uqUUbeeJ2gmGAfeN9rjCo2tVynsDEJFy046shlcAsdYOe-c7f6al8CacPyRzqF92SOQUXkZHJ5plr1cC2fbVVjQ5DkvG9xiYGF3_pIfaclLbuBVxr9GW9JbJc3pDlInYYAxAGA_-MfwNkMZMAZhYrBVwicPt06nDvFDGdK_SHBo/w640-h460/Ndjoli,%20Victorine'55%201st%20DL%20(instagram)-copy.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Victorine at the wheel the day of her driver test</td></tr></tbody></table></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWaf7COq4y-GmcR53LIXpS-2uaESdgHx-7KkhO2AlsDM7kpYBQTUqTn1xPX9THZ9RmAz3XKtQWUyXxqBdW3XxGpyn5k7yx725ah6rU1bGdykJqAVoL73erOkoqhqSSsLx9Pgm5yCyfnkPS3y180d74vQ0jyjrRvttRvEtnnGOiQXN_KFNjYwmtKDHcyGI/s1024/Leo%20Ecole%20Chauffeurs'55%20(memoirRDC)-copy.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="575" data-original-width="1024" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWaf7COq4y-GmcR53LIXpS-2uaESdgHx-7KkhO2AlsDM7kpYBQTUqTn1xPX9THZ9RmAz3XKtQWUyXxqBdW3XxGpyn5k7yx725ah6rU1bGdykJqAVoL73erOkoqhqSSsLx9Pgm5yCyfnkPS3y180d74vQ0jyjrRvttRvEtnnGOiQXN_KFNjYwmtKDHcyGI/w640-h360/Leo%20Ecole%20Chauffeurs'55%20(memoirRDC)-copy.jpeg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The dents in the car body were made by her male predecessors</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Other women may be anonymous in the photographic record but their ambition and accomplishments merit recognition.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaJEgn8luG7eJNe_8ANnMwRdNHVvuDhQMrodF5N4JqgWsvQpoR97TB3_SFwswmlwJuJDQKbHbXJYgmhU38XmTP8fSBlnIaCsyVdI377bjZjD7LitjsfFaN1gxG5jSAsrXn6FGesqSmCpaF2W9M0XJV99v6MCykhb_gzlxVwnCL46tktQ9W3l2Y73APpp4/s800/Leo%20Ecole%20AMI%20Nurses'50s%20(ebay)-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="607" data-original-width="800" height="486" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaJEgn8luG7eJNe_8ANnMwRdNHVvuDhQMrodF5N4JqgWsvQpoR97TB3_SFwswmlwJuJDQKbHbXJYgmhU38XmTP8fSBlnIaCsyVdI377bjZjD7LitjsfFaN1gxG5jSAsrXn6FGesqSmCpaF2W9M0XJV99v6MCykhb_gzlxVwnCL46tktQ9W3l2Y73APpp4/w640-h486/Leo%20Ecole%20AMI%20Nurses'50s%20(ebay)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nursing students at the Ecole des Assistants Medicaux in the 1950s</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWqgkDOmanmf99nvx7yjBHazNGYtjBci3HtWXEo3aiRW3GpEG-vgm61V5WM5X-xoRr0X1fSXttWdV7yXvfSoBzKDCtBBzZU2Aksn1cimA80QKAIHNPNhF9HYcIuDEccbkXbf1GGHRM7U6f3O5mTHskuYNXROn0Ec7Xoq5zh3zdu5kJ3UArmg9BuuEvozM/s757/Leo%20QC%20Women%20sellers'58%20J.Makula%20(africamuseum.be)-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="757" data-original-width="584" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWqgkDOmanmf99nvx7yjBHazNGYtjBci3HtWXEo3aiRW3GpEG-vgm61V5WM5X-xoRr0X1fSXttWdV7yXvfSoBzKDCtBBzZU2Aksn1cimA80QKAIHNPNhF9HYcIuDEccbkXbf1GGHRM7U6f3O5mTHskuYNXROn0Ec7Xoq5zh3zdu5kJ3UArmg9BuuEvozM/w494-h640/Leo%20QC%20Women%20sellers'58%20J.Makula%20(africamuseum.be)-copy.jpg" width="494" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sales clerks in a Leopoldville store</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbyEZNrahu09J2LDQIeLYoDw81Xgx4y8wC2B7Fai9PWFmLhrd4dT0GX3fiK9a7tBCHqv-MbQ9hyphenhyphenof8h5srz8uAuJey9otB8Ho2BsAFZE4Q19L0ccvSuxDJ3dqpGXwp5qsHYVpKAATQAwN90qX9gnHWnyKA8pWPDI5RdU1KRCnFuvhqoh1YhxbHc1fl29A/s856/Leo%20Bata%20Int%20Female%20Clerk%20(delcampe1)-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="625" data-original-width="856" height="468" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbyEZNrahu09J2LDQIeLYoDw81Xgx4y8wC2B7Fai9PWFmLhrd4dT0GX3fiK9a7tBCHqv-MbQ9hyphenhyphenof8h5srz8uAuJey9otB8Ho2BsAFZE4Q19L0ccvSuxDJ3dqpGXwp5qsHYVpKAATQAwN90qX9gnHWnyKA8pWPDI5RdU1KRCnFuvhqoh1YhxbHc1fl29A/w640-h468/Leo%20Bata%20Int%20Female%20Clerk%20(delcampe1)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Shoe sellers at Bata</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzrqxDjfLEOmx2o1cAU2bNI4w_LbvRXWQJM5bzkeIW51z9WJJBjNtMehDqvWaZ_DS0SMmQrUJfFkx-c6ybCIgEyRcQ2LnXjD9KRUpl7RbbCQr_rbRz0fOF2AJ-aJ0lXyEt9M2Bu2B3oGN3t-Qd1LP6ubklgLDBL2g9pxG4KRwvZvlk7Tm6E-oOkkAoCDk/s824/Leo%20Indep%20Mont%20Leo-II%20(ebay)-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="649" data-original-width="824" height="504" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzrqxDjfLEOmx2o1cAU2bNI4w_LbvRXWQJM5bzkeIW51z9WJJBjNtMehDqvWaZ_DS0SMmQrUJfFkx-c6ybCIgEyRcQ2LnXjD9KRUpl7RbbCQr_rbRz0fOF2AJ-aJ0lXyEt9M2Bu2B3oGN3t-Qd1LP6ubklgLDBL2g9pxG4KRwvZvlk7Tm6E-oOkkAoCDk/w640-h504/Leo%20Indep%20Mont%20Leo-II%20(ebay)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Women marching in support of political candidate Albert Kalonji in June 1960</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWTog2iccHUE5oFdRAQbfK-xsBy7ru5arEh8yz7QpmWW6EBCEfk5BHGyxnTokmlovJQodG2SOAp6-6t8c4i8eUc23W3wyRr1cc5WGejjx2EEGJDiJLkEL0CWQ6yXsgUGTA8IDtnZgUG8ipuyERoue1kiagovj5Ior60RatSeevF1Bp3_di6KuHg2lD0Jc/s1280/Leo%20Blvd%20Albert%20H.Regina'61%20(LIFE)-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="851" data-original-width="1280" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWTog2iccHUE5oFdRAQbfK-xsBy7ru5arEh8yz7QpmWW6EBCEfk5BHGyxnTokmlovJQodG2SOAp6-6t8c4i8eUc23W3wyRr1cc5WGejjx2EEGJDiJLkEL0CWQ6yXsgUGTA8IDtnZgUG8ipuyERoue1kiagovj5Ior60RatSeevF1Bp3_di6KuHg2lD0Jc/w640-h426/Leo%20Blvd%20Albert%20H.Regina'61%20(LIFE)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Congolese nuns on Blvd. Albert opposite Hotel Regina in 1961<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQA_kzlLsns6yUYGyAjfqt1l2gTrvUWNOwaoaFt13NhXrsT5fj9ujWQSog7opKumjxa2SiyJz1z63U_CGkM7JEJYFJ84eZMelwkLsZ8eSc8ZCLJRTL97kjR8WD30pw4h4ZLhNHolUFKA_BiWFApqKkiX0-goCeuEXbm5ube3HdJvRtOi_iVv90t75siPw/s1490/Leo%20Red%20Cross'620227%20smallpox%20(ebay)-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1010" data-original-width="1490" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQA_kzlLsns6yUYGyAjfqt1l2gTrvUWNOwaoaFt13NhXrsT5fj9ujWQSog7opKumjxa2SiyJz1z63U_CGkM7JEJYFJ84eZMelwkLsZ8eSc8ZCLJRTL97kjR8WD30pw4h4ZLhNHolUFKA_BiWFApqKkiX0-goCeuEXbm5ube3HdJvRtOi_iVv90t75siPw/w640-h434/Leo%20Red%20Cross'620227%20smallpox%20(ebay)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Red Cross volunteers prepare for a smallpox vaccination campaign in February 1962</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim8VGZ2CM3O0NMHvWPH8vmYXFt-vgxWoTnbRqqTLAbIb6OoYdeh1mgdM7l31Ls4c3hzpw0VVx66gIkb_3OeV65zyFyz5NMxKunO7Yr_KYG6cm-zjldvirJHd3rEFOTZ-5-4RL0znOjiYMA5PricOtEX63osjUmKevKGw_63bGtcUt12MTVfchCyo6Zhw8/s875/Leo%20Matete%20EP%20Maindombe%20(muhak-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="681" data-original-width="875" height="498" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim8VGZ2CM3O0NMHvWPH8vmYXFt-vgxWoTnbRqqTLAbIb6OoYdeh1mgdM7l31Ls4c3hzpw0VVx66gIkb_3OeV65zyFyz5NMxKunO7Yr_KYG6cm-zjldvirJHd3rEFOTZ-5-4RL0znOjiYMA5PricOtEX63osjUmKevKGw_63bGtcUt12MTVfchCyo6Zhw8/w640-h498/Leo%20Matete%20EP%20Maindombe%20(muhak-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Educate a woman and you educate a nation.<br />Parents enroll their daughters in school in Matete Commune.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXkJilUSa15s7BhRDCw9MDyPni92DOMsMeeUn6wimoYxtHEXXIjJaw0JucvmNBWyZTx3rXGwEeSUC_ZEPe5qx0BQrVOGhykmXicMEQENHut3QBOwNBWZS86qxTm4BjOmC83LO-uMLJHmLkOLU0u8CSmR-ZXMnY0OnHt65m7qHu-mxYh-UqxN8CUGsRGYM/s571/Leo%20Ecole%20Prof%20Filles'57%20J.Makula%20(africamuseum.be)-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="418" data-original-width="571" height="468" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXkJilUSa15s7BhRDCw9MDyPni92DOMsMeeUn6wimoYxtHEXXIjJaw0JucvmNBWyZTx3rXGwEeSUC_ZEPe5qx0BQrVOGhykmXicMEQENHut3QBOwNBWZS86qxTm4BjOmC83LO-uMLJHmLkOLU0u8CSmR-ZXMnY0OnHt65m7qHu-mxYh-UqxN8CUGsRGYM/w640-h468/Leo%20Ecole%20Prof%20Filles'57%20J.Makula%20(africamuseum.be)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Students at the Ecole Professionnelle des Filles in 1957</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP6ymw7Y8lIVSP8qOe4jP32P07QhV6RqvURcbrdC22hGLsjul_FKwnXY6rYHVuK4ZwFl7BOE0MOp6v1c3G-v5lU49-ynjyWgpicV4jsmwYCiwhw9V09hM2pOmOpwMeWTwBquaplKuwnVIcZvgQURkTur6lud7R2m7tP0UHkxySFq1hexK7i8CUqEBTMQA/s768/Leo%20Indep'600630%20parade%20(imago)-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="574" data-original-width="768" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP6ymw7Y8lIVSP8qOe4jP32P07QhV6RqvURcbrdC22hGLsjul_FKwnXY6rYHVuK4ZwFl7BOE0MOp6v1c3G-v5lU49-ynjyWgpicV4jsmwYCiwhw9V09hM2pOmOpwMeWTwBquaplKuwnVIcZvgQURkTur6lud7R2m7tP0UHkxySFq1hexK7i8CUqEBTMQA/w640-h478/Leo%20Indep'600630%20parade%20(imago)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Into the future.<br />School girls parade on Independence Day, June 30, 1960</td></tr></tbody></table><br />Mwana Mbokahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01575491982841275224noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3042101873369162734.post-43563878321124470922024-01-08T18:15:00.005+01:002024-01-08T18:16:58.392+01:00 Leopoldville 1945 - President Roosevelt's Memorial Service<p><span style="font-size: large;">Just before midnight on Thursday April 12, 1945, US Consul General Buell received a visit from George Housiaux, the Director of Radio Congo Belge, who informed him that President Roosevelt had died in Warm Springs, Georgia a few hours earlier. Housiaux’s radio received news bulletins from the US and regularly rebroadcast US Office of War Information programming, but the station had already gone off the air for the day.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTnzzGBs2zzB26idRuCCLCkJvdFepK_gejzfJoSy9Lsl2zPEmN7Bk3b8YA2SGBnURYMyJQCJF7xur33J8YNeHJTyElS7mChcGxXsZmWLWDnhUe8cj60YVLIRm5fiHrHmt9bPreQmTlJoAMhMdTHF362TDoK-3SmcBvex8idiORySWgP_UEcvXKWtlW3Xk/s1129/Leo%20Radio%20CB'43%20(NewsBe&BC.431120c1)-copy.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="703" data-original-width="1129" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTnzzGBs2zzB26idRuCCLCkJvdFepK_gejzfJoSy9Lsl2zPEmN7Bk3b8YA2SGBnURYMyJQCJF7xur33J8YNeHJTyElS7mChcGxXsZmWLWDnhUe8cj60YVLIRm5fiHrHmt9bPreQmTlJoAMhMdTHF362TDoK-3SmcBvex8idiORySWgP_UEcvXKWtlW3Xk/w640-h398/Leo%20Radio%20CB'43%20(NewsBe&BC.431120c1)-copy.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Radio Congo Belge in Leopoldville - 1943 (Ph. "News from Belgium and Belgian Congo" 1943</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The next morning, Buell ordered the Consulate flag raised at half-mast and informed all official Americans. Shortly afterwards, George Carpenter, an American Baptist missionary who was acting General Secretary of the Congo Protestant Council (CPC, now Eglise du Christ au Congo), called offering to organize a memorial service at the British Baptist (BMS) chapel, which served the Protestant community of Leopoldville. Buell accepted and prepared press releases in French and English for the local papers, advising of the Sunday service. Senior Belgian officials came to the Consulate to express condolences, as did members of the Consular Corps. That evening, Vice Governor General Ermens, acting Governor General in Ryckmans’ absence, broadcast a tribute to FDR on the radio. US and Belgian flags hung at half-mast in front of government buildings, public squares and many private residences. US petroleum suppliers Socony Vacuum and Texaco closed their offices on Saturday. Official and individual letters of condolence flooded in, occupying the staff with drafting responses despite the closure of the Consulate.</span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg6kmS8x9ijPEY4LgyKni_3iV2dKwKhXUmffo6zrzhfgFIs1laDRENuaVZa2zjO3y01d3lU-U_uqNabc4YAOLsCw3DgJQdfEX1l6ihtYe5Rv_v7U-TddGBu-mOOTgvBq6Pb4Hec91og2v-XX95yv2YJd9KhfhYY5M8P-Fh_r-yMW-OWwdbWdVQTu_4YFQ/s494/Leo%20BMS%20Church%20(msn)_edited-copy.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="494" data-original-width="339" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg6kmS8x9ijPEY4LgyKni_3iV2dKwKhXUmffo6zrzhfgFIs1laDRENuaVZa2zjO3y01d3lU-U_uqNabc4YAOLsCw3DgJQdfEX1l6ihtYe5Rv_v7U-TddGBu-mOOTgvBq6Pb4Hec91og2v-XX95yv2YJd9KhfhYY5M8P-Fh_r-yMW-OWwdbWdVQTu_4YFQ/w440-h640/Leo%20BMS%20Church%20(msn)_edited-copy.JPG" width="440" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The BMS Chapel in the 1940s (Ph. author coll.)</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Sunday, the BMS Chapel was overflowing. With seating for only 300, senior officials were seated at the front, while many junior officials and civilians found seats in the back or gathered outside. Rev. Carpenter read his English remarks slowly to facilitate comprehension for non-English speakers. For his part, Buell drew upon the recent broadcast of President Truman’s remarks to frame his tribute. This emotional moment reflected a high-point in American-Belgian Congo relations during the war, which had seen an expansion of US military and commercial presence (<i><a href="https://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/05/leopoldville-1942-us-troops-expand.html">May 23, 2011</a></i>)</span>.</div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1PWKXn4xZV3rJ9N20uRlhN819HDjN9jCDZTnLDEJ37HoaO2E1v4OOogbmNz6gT_B3puEE4rcIVlfw3YhvH868sKsHVPqxnTTiA9Suh1bMNrxG0mb4Qfha3gwzE0dwFlb-sUHKHmZc5ly8wJTflRWclyTgZR164MgSs3Yt19kTIcKiOS-MUN9P6F4eQAY/s3780/Leo%20BMS'45%20FDR%20Svc%20(NARA.RG84.01a)-copy-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2640" data-original-width="3780" height="446" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1PWKXn4xZV3rJ9N20uRlhN819HDjN9jCDZTnLDEJ37HoaO2E1v4OOogbmNz6gT_B3puEE4rcIVlfw3YhvH868sKsHVPqxnTTiA9Suh1bMNrxG0mb4Qfha3gwzE0dwFlb-sUHKHmZc5ly8wJTflRWclyTgZR164MgSs3Yt19kTIcKiOS-MUN9P6F4eQAY/w640-h446/Leo%20BMS'45%20FDR%20Svc%20(NARA.RG84.01a)-copy-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rev. Carpenter leading the services (Ph. author coll., courtesy NARA)</td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIujWHOXWn0IRbuEPP5LGRpWgAGqHJiXccza-Bepe3nwIqA9w8dzgmOZdUSqA0rvrOSFZlNeih7A9FIMYHgwZGU63uhf1CXb_kjo0YKCf_VEx4EcC7wwvzA9dV1K8ycoYypbnh2h1UgBMsA7gK6tot3zuAT6hPKvHseHj_r9eOOv_RL2uCVZYZ7GCfsf4/s3735/Leo%20BMS'45%20FDR%20Svc%20(NARA.RG84.02a)-copy-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2617" data-original-width="3735" height="448" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIujWHOXWn0IRbuEPP5LGRpWgAGqHJiXccza-Bepe3nwIqA9w8dzgmOZdUSqA0rvrOSFZlNeih7A9FIMYHgwZGU63uhf1CXb_kjo0YKCf_VEx4EcC7wwvzA9dV1K8ycoYypbnh2h1UgBMsA7gK6tot3zuAT6hPKvHseHj_r9eOOv_RL2uCVZYZ7GCfsf4/w640-h448/Leo%20BMS'45%20FDR%20Svc%20(NARA.RG84.02a)-copy-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Consul Buell conferring with VG Ermens after the service<br />(Ph. author coll,, courtesy of NARA)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">
At the time, George Carpenter was working on a major project. Since 1938, the American Baptists seconded him to CPC as Educational Advisor. Trained as an engineer before attending divinity school and entering missionary service in 1926, at his last assignment at Nsona Mpangu, near Matadi, he installed a micro-hydro system to provide electricity to the mission. Now he wanted to expand the availability of otherwise imported educational materials for mission schools with a full-service print shop. In August 1945, the Leopoldville Comité Urbain authorized construction of a two-story, 25,000 SF (2322M2) building near the BMS chapel on Ave Banning (Ave Kalemie) to house a book store, production facilities and a printing press. The new facility would replace the old bookstore of the Librairie Evangelique du Congo (LECO), established in 1935, which operated out of a room in the adjacent Union Mission Hostel (UMH) (<i><a href="https://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/03/kinshasa-1914-hotel-abc-opens-its-doors.html">Mar. 27, 2011</a></i>). Fourteen mission groups and two Bible societies subscribed to the capital requirements. Construction began in 1946 and the facility opened in July 1948.</span><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigotOIiSjkD6TkaqT0YaVJeB8SNbMGhb6mun-ZcpTfnCYggHwVyxMuFggJooE0ajKMBZcWB61AGfx9vQkjBwi-oFCM4AX_WLzXLaseYKDI9o1fkBSuu2BnKSgDfsTi4YRi61y4q0ZCIN0e-Bw0jkFxxLWiYMYHlubU8_PmPllmMdRQ5ycVloMn2SSBh8o/s1812/Leo%20Leco'4909%20(bertsche-flickr1)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1289" data-original-width="1812" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigotOIiSjkD6TkaqT0YaVJeB8SNbMGhb6mun-ZcpTfnCYggHwVyxMuFggJooE0ajKMBZcWB61AGfx9vQkjBwi-oFCM4AX_WLzXLaseYKDI9o1fkBSuu2BnKSgDfsTi4YRi61y4q0ZCIN0e-Bw0jkFxxLWiYMYHlubU8_PmPllmMdRQ5ycVloMn2SSBh8o/w640-h456/Leo%20Leco'4909%20(bertsche-flickr1)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The LECO building in 1949 (Ph. flickr)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">When Mobutu renamed the Democratic Republic of the Congo the Republic of Zaire in 1972, LECO was renamed the Centre d’Editions et Diffusion (CEDI). The print shop was still producing documents in the 2000s, but a visit to the bookstore in 2004 only offered a few Bibles for sale and some school materials. Recent years have not been kind to the facility, but the building got a face-lift in 2016.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3ioc9toQ3hmTF-ziYdcKfYSm06wqTIFLomy-wvbjuCM2Q0TJNdHsRiUuuJpxGQkHNJU0XSpImhaod3N5_Om3Vc02bVb2Ow6PXNFdzly1bSJ-DVX5BuSdwUU7hV8WYau242qb5I7y01hhCDtQWDUsrtppku5MM0xyQrFXs7GyCmVFzmRNgVxyiDE6x-RU/s3456/Kin%20CEDI'11%20(SS03)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2592" data-original-width="3456" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3ioc9toQ3hmTF-ziYdcKfYSm06wqTIFLomy-wvbjuCM2Q0TJNdHsRiUuuJpxGQkHNJU0XSpImhaod3N5_Om3Vc02bVb2Ow6PXNFdzly1bSJ-DVX5BuSdwUU7hV8WYau242qb5I7y01hhCDtQWDUsrtppku5MM0xyQrFXs7GyCmVFzmRNgVxyiDE6x-RU/w640-h480/Kin%20CEDI'11%20(SS03)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">CEDI in 2011 (Ph. author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpjwkqCu2eyqzeQ97h5sLEUpy2kvciCN1wi3r1Zt7jswZgYRhW-CtAsBc27AGTECTAY2GdM-JudxxqFlNoTTw83JqIdwNV1k3xBJvJMsARB3HkqsLv6Qj7KoJiKBa7ij2ZeNmgsXTLHL_gDG_9XWEp7BrRZKM8SwYYJ0xVrBs8KleOCNC-jqvAJjtl07A/s4608/Kin%20CEDI'17%20(SS21)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2592" data-original-width="4608" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpjwkqCu2eyqzeQ97h5sLEUpy2kvciCN1wi3r1Zt7jswZgYRhW-CtAsBc27AGTECTAY2GdM-JudxxqFlNoTTw83JqIdwNV1k3xBJvJMsARB3HkqsLv6Qj7KoJiKBa7ij2ZeNmgsXTLHL_gDG_9XWEp7BrRZKM8SwYYJ0xVrBs8KleOCNC-jqvAJjtl07A/w640-h360/Kin%20CEDI'17%20(SS21)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">CEDI in 2017 (Ph. author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>Mwana Mbokahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01575491982841275224noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3042101873369162734.post-21592873668957982962023-08-12T21:58:00.005+01:002023-09-04T23:45:00.339+01:00Leopoldville 1944 - Gunther Baby Grand for Sale<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUQ2l_ou2dcqObiJsIWGbiBdMVutGrtavUZ66IiuEaJMo4wwiy7RXuXnMWYAFNmdBZXpRbQnm9w9TBWzAFb2mBlU07PcLg74AQSl05AhUf4j2-hUtOybM4qQc1r9CNXhCEaAjhYOiLCCcFVkY-EclkOIildSPT2OnDI-MCzF0hDdtyTRpi-BzAJXOazMI/s4128/Kin%20Sedec%20GG%20Select%20Pi%20(SS14a)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3096" data-original-width="4128" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUQ2l_ou2dcqObiJsIWGbiBdMVutGrtavUZ66IiuEaJMo4wwiy7RXuXnMWYAFNmdBZXpRbQnm9w9TBWzAFb2mBlU07PcLg74AQSl05AhUf4j2-hUtOybM4qQc1r9CNXhCEaAjhYOiLCCcFVkY-EclkOIildSPT2OnDI-MCzF0hDdtyTRpi-BzAJXOazMI/w640-h480/Kin%20Sedec%20GG%20Select%20Pi%20(SS14a)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">If you’ve followed this blog for a while you may have concluded that one of my favorite buildings in Kinshasa is the former Sedec Motors showroom at the corner of Avenues Aviateurs and Isiro opposite Ste. Anne Cathedral </span>(<a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2017/10/leopoldville-1920s-secli-and-sedec.html"><i>Oct. 8, 2017</i></a>).</div></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4t65Cnb2LOIPGbtCf0jcB0S8FHxt1WWtgIXGE9s08l_IUwlczVvKUZUuAQmZoQ-Xk0IRgMWyCYh3wqyXm1pF5_YYJ3m1m_LdQsh1gEMBTc-9NRxjPS9bUR5ompi4MQIMIhx8sGZl1CHbyF-k55XtiDbX9bhEpZLeGeNRlV_PCV20uFIoOY0DJsJBbVKg/s516/Leo%20Sedec%20Aviateurs%20(katembo2a)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="516" data-original-width="499" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4t65Cnb2LOIPGbtCf0jcB0S8FHxt1WWtgIXGE9s08l_IUwlczVvKUZUuAQmZoQ-Xk0IRgMWyCYh3wqyXm1pF5_YYJ3m1m_LdQsh1gEMBTc-9NRxjPS9bUR5ompi4MQIMIhx8sGZl1CHbyF-k55XtiDbX9bhEpZLeGeNRlV_PCV20uFIoOY0DJsJBbVKg/w618-h640/Leo%20Sedec%20Aviateurs%20(katembo2a)-copy.jpg" width="618" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sedec Motors looking down Ave. Aviateurs in the 1950s (Author coll.)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">This art deco gem is now dwarfed by the Sozacom building and the security around the Electoral Commission (CENI) offices on Blvd. du 30 Juin, but in the 1930s this was prime real estate.</div></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQBqTHfBHAOIhahdRyonQ-8CwUXdDcVUu4qWC-t3OTdjq1_3KF8WYI9U8CB8bFFtA3ASgkZZSpJ-Db1kWdTkZDQR3lUOFkJGThi4y2j4iL5aHSUEHJqakBHbdKo4FQ7qFKa74xCxJvrFP1fQjVile5ReRRmRc1sLEZjib3_IgPFNuCDjAnzjERuESVZww/s1600/Kin%20Blvd%2030eJuin%20Sozacom%20(difinition)-copy.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQBqTHfBHAOIhahdRyonQ-8CwUXdDcVUu4qWC-t3OTdjq1_3KF8WYI9U8CB8bFFtA3ASgkZZSpJ-Db1kWdTkZDQR3lUOFkJGThi4y2j4iL5aHSUEHJqakBHbdKo4FQ7qFKa74xCxJvrFP1fQjVile5ReRRmRc1sLEZjib3_IgPFNuCDjAnzjERuESVZww/w640-h480/Kin%20Blvd%2030eJuin%20Sozacom%20(difinition)-copy.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Sedec store (R), CENI and Sozacom (L)</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;">
Sedec (Société des Entreprises Commerciales au Congo Belge), was the retail arm of Lever Brothers’ Huileries du Congo Belge. When the US Consulate was looking for larger premises in August 1945 (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2018/08/kinshasa-2018-former-us-consulate.html">Aug. 2, 2018</a></i>), Sedec offered the building to the US Government within 24 months, but with a 20-year lease. The option was not taken up. In the 1950s the building became one of the first self-service grocery stores in Leopoldville.</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0AmiwILN5y_LmRy6L2QnniD-v4g-bCrerVSh2xO3W9UK_tXYTlMpa7x3uckC-m41FFReYstyh-7f_GlweA4kGo9Jdhi6JJvCoWdjEvcopEJLzLZ93YMQRRi9B4Kc0qQqbwQHsHCDI4pJtylZ92vZ-o4-l0UJm2F12tfdc9XL1IUFtlW103dPo21bDOtU/s1244/Leo%20Sedec'59%20(akg)-copy.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="832" data-original-width="1244" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0AmiwILN5y_LmRy6L2QnniD-v4g-bCrerVSh2xO3W9UK_tXYTlMpa7x3uckC-m41FFReYstyh-7f_GlweA4kGo9Jdhi6JJvCoWdjEvcopEJLzLZ93YMQRRi9B4Kc0qQqbwQHsHCDI4pJtylZ92vZ-o4-l0UJm2F12tfdc9XL1IUFtlW103dPo21bDOtU/w640-h428/Leo%20Sedec'59%20(akg)-copy.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The check-out registers in 1959 (Ph. author coll.)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ27KPm8ySM2oykW-jE1paYkrKLur7HR2l_C5UMTzPUcwv3pTEfgXwiPn1wDDZyVr6lxFwqshnjDu_fOW6gjclBBQQH5imLKcP7tiOi6-qMLVjXhFubEHW6CUHnHt-syQGcbylhSHvDvopLNvQD67BZnTciHr_Rglhn07eKcMsxEjis5M0B9pUHOObfMA/s1280/Leo%20Sedec'55%20Baud%20visit%20(liberas)-copy.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1280" data-original-width="962" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ27KPm8ySM2oykW-jE1paYkrKLur7HR2l_C5UMTzPUcwv3pTEfgXwiPn1wDDZyVr6lxFwqshnjDu_fOW6gjclBBQQH5imLKcP7tiOi6-qMLVjXhFubEHW6CUHnHt-syQGcbylhSHvDvopLNvQD67BZnTciHr_Rglhn07eKcMsxEjis5M0B9pUHOObfMA/w482-h640/Leo%20Sedec'55%20Baud%20visit%20(liberas)-copy.jpeg" width="482" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sprucing up the entrance for King Baudouin's visit in 1955 (Ph. liberas.eu)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">After Independence in 1960, foreign currency shortages affected the economy, and grocery shelves were often lined along the edge with a single item, like small cans of sweetened condensed milk or boxes of matches. In the mid-1970s, President Mobutu’s Zairanization program drove Lever Brothers to disinvest and sell off certain assets. When I visited Kinshasa in October 1992, the store was called “Select”, with similarly sparse shelves. It closed in 2003.</span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8Nb1e1a62-ZmIRClHvz8eSDCD-P26hCWw2e40PK34fJAKgvLVCoVPvEOV_HqquOppeLp2yjsX_muWgIFGb8qxXb6fKkqnS0ucTizs-hDJuHPJ-GhsLFm-EmwW53QY8d98SFRmlJvthrOLzN1uIbXB7RCQ-AuQTIc8zK511Rs8hRcbiZQDPU5SuDNH2aY/s631/Kin%20Blvd%2030eJuin%20Mont%20Albert%20PAINT%20(hellin)_edited-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="496" data-original-width="631" height="504" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8Nb1e1a62-ZmIRClHvz8eSDCD-P26hCWw2e40PK34fJAKgvLVCoVPvEOV_HqquOppeLp2yjsX_muWgIFGb8qxXb6fKkqnS0ucTizs-hDJuHPJ-GhsLFm-EmwW53QY8d98SFRmlJvthrOLzN1uIbXB7RCQ-AuQTIc8zK511Rs8hRcbiZQDPU5SuDNH2aY/w640-h504/Kin%20Blvd%2030eJuin%20Mont%20Albert%20PAINT%20(hellin)_edited-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Blvd. du 30 Juin 1972, Sedec (R), Sozacom building under construction (Ph. author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In July 2005, Hasson Freres opened “Espace Hasson”. A firm established in Congo since 1936, their “Au Chic” store on Place Braconnier in 1946 was the first in the city to serve both Congolese and European customers. Living in Kinshasa in the mid 2000s, I was thrilled to shop at “Sedec” again and enjoy the many tenants on the upper mezzanine, which created the feeling of a shopping mall. But success in Congo often breeds excess and, complaining of a plethora of 38 separate tax regimes, Hasson Africa closed the store at the end of December 2017</span> (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2018/01/leopoldville-1930s-postcards-from-art_2.html#:~:text=At%20the%20eastern%20end%20of,8%2C%202017).">Jan. 2, 2018</a></i>).</div></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-9Uq5V4Icd_KFFUFUemaJLuh1ZPTxONfXlVCWlK67fBvsUlEnwCTEuKq3WBKILkfzSKTm5nO3FjkUSoK4ai-FHyXoyanNVjCBDO5cx-WoMqMUAXEupfJaAt2OJkp0K_ygRsUydah3bymXnm2tluorXRqNT1yEeLKzoQKoDa1FUkE6hF_lg9_LnjwbhP0/s2592/Kin%20Hasson%20Freres'13%20Int%20(SS01)-copy.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1944" data-original-width="2592" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-9Uq5V4Icd_KFFUFUemaJLuh1ZPTxONfXlVCWlK67fBvsUlEnwCTEuKq3WBKILkfzSKTm5nO3FjkUSoK4ai-FHyXoyanNVjCBDO5cx-WoMqMUAXEupfJaAt2OJkp0K_ygRsUydah3bymXnm2tluorXRqNT1yEeLKzoQKoDa1FUkE6hF_lg9_LnjwbhP0/w640-h480/Kin%20Hasson%20Freres'13%20Int%20(SS01)-copy.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mezzanine walkway to the coffee shop (Ph. author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4xh18smMeYHXVAJr5QMWxXs6QqYCrY37e2Pcp9Xxrfz4fqSvjVHCGQELGhoQ4dHhIoOTiDOL5NEotTXGRdLFH_c5Aass6FBR9augLfThwt4x4GaNqhELyOoee3Pqg50RsAZS8su-b6LB8CqIhxWQQaMkD5bZJhZpRuAws2tSJjD3E1vrG1h4vO-T15I4/s2592/Kin%20Hasson%20Freres'13%20Cosmopolitan%20(SS03)-copy.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1944" data-original-width="2592" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4xh18smMeYHXVAJr5QMWxXs6QqYCrY37e2Pcp9Xxrfz4fqSvjVHCGQELGhoQ4dHhIoOTiDOL5NEotTXGRdLFH_c5Aass6FBR9augLfThwt4x4GaNqhELyOoee3Pqg50RsAZS8su-b6LB8CqIhxWQQaMkD5bZJhZpRuAws2tSJjD3E1vrG1h4vO-T15I4/w640-h480/Kin%20Hasson%20Freres'13%20Cosmopolitan%20(SS03)-copy.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Cosmopolitain restaurant (Ph. author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwoVb1PfJEXFWC7i_PyyaA95kxErviFHPI_AVRaOIAZjxi1fnq6kqf-rwprMKn8h0gjpNEpQ-TIuPwxTM8w7_BthnVCSZ2oV1Y3icwOuxx8ub9FHEokOorZlVrFIfHLRFSkror1plEdk4Ynq4bvk0c8vJoj2uL9j3j9Arp0fHVu8N_2vlMagRsBihA0MU/s4608/Kin%20Hasson%20Frs'17%20MW%20(SS01)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2592" data-original-width="4608" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwoVb1PfJEXFWC7i_PyyaA95kxErviFHPI_AVRaOIAZjxi1fnq6kqf-rwprMKn8h0gjpNEpQ-TIuPwxTM8w7_BthnVCSZ2oV1Y3icwOuxx8ub9FHEokOorZlVrFIfHLRFSkror1plEdk4Ynq4bvk0c8vJoj2uL9j3j9Arp0fHVu8N_2vlMagRsBihA0MU/w640-h360/Kin%20Hasson%20Frs'17%20MW%20(SS01)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Espace Hasson shortly before closure in December 2017 (Ph. author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">A new iteration of the retail store was revealed in 2018 when it became GG Mart Select, with advertising careful to emphasize its Sedec and Select roots. The other tenant was UAC, which sells furniture, appliances and office equipment. The two firms are managed by South Asian brothers and in Solomonic compromise, two separate entrances in the lobby provided access to lengthy corridors of merchandise.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpHgv44KJT5p8QMl5ArWP8sNrfTaBsx72SasSjRgVASb6ERoBCg1ckMA3v1fvwK97xFvQkOF2MZWKLZKb7H0cDU7rA1DpqS_lwWcr1M-obH3-D3io3EwflgwCNVCB3W0mC167jzWJd0i_ooxEPiS4JPKSVr5ZqxyLfrAwIY1SqDgPzDIHW9TE5XXO-Sto/s1682/Kin%20Sedec%20GG%20Select%20(SS00a)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1682" data-original-width="1175" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpHgv44KJT5p8QMl5ArWP8sNrfTaBsx72SasSjRgVASb6ERoBCg1ckMA3v1fvwK97xFvQkOF2MZWKLZKb7H0cDU7rA1DpqS_lwWcr1M-obH3-D3io3EwflgwCNVCB3W0mC167jzWJd0i_ooxEPiS4JPKSVr5ZqxyLfrAwIY1SqDgPzDIHW9TE5XXO-Sto/w448-h640/Kin%20Sedec%20GG%20Select%20(SS00a)-copy.jpg" width="448" /></a></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh49A-3WRyy5NXSz5YhVLRFAZsyds5FdxRq2v3IOI05WfxBnNsOf7QhmxzSTg0KIa2dplNacYX5MLLA_zpwIQVNtTfxxWeyV9eFMskEeeYftSJFXhNbrLcBTHa7QNwTWUejVtjEfUlEIbNzHFOtkroHH5O_VSJ4q3-0aEAr27o3P0Hl_ANXBlO356ddmO0/s4128/Kin%20Sedec%20GG%20Select%20(SS02e)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3096" data-original-width="4128" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh49A-3WRyy5NXSz5YhVLRFAZsyds5FdxRq2v3IOI05WfxBnNsOf7QhmxzSTg0KIa2dplNacYX5MLLA_zpwIQVNtTfxxWeyV9eFMskEeeYftSJFXhNbrLcBTHa7QNwTWUejVtjEfUlEIbNzHFOtkroHH5O_VSJ4q3-0aEAr27o3P0Hl_ANXBlO356ddmO0/w640-h480/Kin%20Sedec%20GG%20Select%20(SS02e)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">GG Mart "Select" (Ph. author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_WNI2ubAb7eh2Q_TfvbMiwSluc7fEQyhKfPd9aM4Jr7cQkQfsHC_BEjCZA3J14O4mQS0qfAwhSv6UOGai1LUx_b0toq7geF8Gx0A3rwrQH2KGtoL3LmIlloEb_7bD0LJ_qyewUi_MgkvYOxgWrUdflXdk_2Xt6_yhCNLTtRzo48sAnmPLRdrLbp5RStc/s4128/Kin%20Sedec%20GG%20Select%20(SS03a)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3096" data-original-width="4128" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_WNI2ubAb7eh2Q_TfvbMiwSluc7fEQyhKfPd9aM4Jr7cQkQfsHC_BEjCZA3J14O4mQS0qfAwhSv6UOGai1LUx_b0toq7geF8Gx0A3rwrQH2KGtoL3LmIlloEb_7bD0LJ_qyewUi_MgkvYOxgWrUdflXdk_2Xt6_yhCNLTtRzo48sAnmPLRdrLbp5RStc/w640-h480/Kin%20Sedec%20GG%20Select%20(SS03a)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">GG Mart and UAC entrances (Ph. author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3n4TZ3ghQ3lqd1gbdm-EGIhdX_WHPUZRE27U65UtfENBe6NzH17AiLIfQFBh3IIop_hG3B6zXdiCCH1sw0LslrBq8HQchZXiKWhqI2GvjcMNTUZHToCKYNQKWIN8cYHDLS7TDt9qeHArNoZ9x6__UCurEzMZuf-Bq8KcHUXJTgn6-_L4miZS2wIo6xpw/s4128/Kin%20Sedec%20GG%20Select%20(SS13)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3096" data-original-width="4128" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3n4TZ3ghQ3lqd1gbdm-EGIhdX_WHPUZRE27U65UtfENBe6NzH17AiLIfQFBh3IIop_hG3B6zXdiCCH1sw0LslrBq8HQchZXiKWhqI2GvjcMNTUZHToCKYNQKWIN8cYHDLS7TDt9qeHArNoZ9x6__UCurEzMZuf-Bq8KcHUXJTgn6-_L4miZS2wIo6xpw/w640-h480/Kin%20Sedec%20GG%20Select%20(SS13)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">GG Mart lobby (Ph. author coll.)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Which brings us to the Gunther Baby Grand. On our first visit to check out the new store, we found this piano on the mostly vacant mezzanine. We asked Congolese staff about it, who introduced us to a South Asian manager. Neither French, Lingala, nor English provided any clarification other than the piano was found during the remodeling of the new store.</span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwgC795TaVUSqSmZWmUscZzezfjc_vGZhaEtChBdELfso2rEeGuO2LETeZ7ePbPyLLwpzlALP9zRHp2sSVgZ99lgcwnQH0Q30O1jBbGVN92ZA086ziieu5zlGNYDiB9XQdgnSkSWiKuEe8oBnngIWEmJ0VOd5RACX8cY-UxSNASz6SKSwTh_yss2E7ctk/s4128/Kin%20Sedec%20GG%20Select%20Piano%20(SS10)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3096" data-original-width="4128" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwgC795TaVUSqSmZWmUscZzezfjc_vGZhaEtChBdELfso2rEeGuO2LETeZ7ePbPyLLwpzlALP9zRHp2sSVgZ99lgcwnQH0Q30O1jBbGVN92ZA086ziieu5zlGNYDiB9XQdgnSkSWiKuEe8oBnngIWEmJ0VOd5RACX8cY-UxSNASz6SKSwTh_yss2E7ctk/w640-h480/Kin%20Sedec%20GG%20Select%20Piano%20(SS10)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Gunther piano on the GG Mart mezzanine (Ph. author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">So, I will hypothesize. Jean deMiddeleer, a Belgian pianist, settled in Leopoldville after an African concert tour was interrupted by the outbreak of war in Europe. During his stay he played for Governor General Ryckmans, gave charity performances for the war effort and in 1943-44 toured South Africa, Katanga and Angola. In December 1944, he offered a Belgian-made Gunther grand piano for sale, “specially constructed for Congo”. In April 1945 he left for Eastern Congo, giving concerts in the mining regions and in 1946, moved to Kenya to direct the Nairobi Symphony.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBTKBzPVuCiX1RLyLp3bwySF_1dQ1jsDxqOcK_ImCc6JWMndwdnliMXcJVrfBHORv8YrVOsLnI-GOyCmPiv1_MbgQttsuFcyIGy9wJ2xuz_7PQp7pPmuzJ09WMjgP-208QMGlicvMYRUFU_W9M5_dLHDAvRKjJG7VdxSx-9n6K1kV2zcvX6lNByBjHXTA/s4128/Kin%20Sedec%20GG%20Select%20Piano%20(SS02)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3096" data-original-width="4128" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBTKBzPVuCiX1RLyLp3bwySF_1dQ1jsDxqOcK_ImCc6JWMndwdnliMXcJVrfBHORv8YrVOsLnI-GOyCmPiv1_MbgQttsuFcyIGy9wJ2xuz_7PQp7pPmuzJ09WMjgP-208QMGlicvMYRUFU_W9M5_dLHDAvRKjJG7VdxSx-9n6K1kV2zcvX6lNByBjHXTA/w640-h480/Kin%20Sedec%20GG%20Select%20Piano%20(SS02)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Was this his piano? It was repainted white and the cigarette burns on the keys suggest Rick’s Café in Casablanca more than the refined atmosphere of the College Albert theater (now College Boboto). It seems even the owners don’t know how it ended up in the Sedec building.</div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilc334sA8Ku2cIVOSSIsTT6_Pr8CejNj4NvNJUAUZ_HX8UQXu9jx1yJAoEtGduJAZ2w39XxW6n9T1NL3ieUg1BXss2hBtGsfmtXtC39kIvnuA5munycNbQauIvP5eEqApJ2YttakEcmFV2HDMAUkatAAzbuE9NxdqK7RUyAtVbTbWUss9q_-PIcdsp_KE/s4128/Kin%20Sedec%20GG%20Select%20Piano%20(SS03)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3096" data-original-width="4128" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilc334sA8Ku2cIVOSSIsTT6_Pr8CejNj4NvNJUAUZ_HX8UQXu9jx1yJAoEtGduJAZ2w39XxW6n9T1NL3ieUg1BXss2hBtGsfmtXtC39kIvnuA5munycNbQauIvP5eEqApJ2YttakEcmFV2HDMAUkatAAzbuE9NxdqK7RUyAtVbTbWUss9q_-PIcdsp_KE/w640-h480/Kin%20Sedec%20GG%20Select%20Piano%20(SS03)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Play it again Sam (Ph. author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj47Zc9tN-6WpSpRTPyanpjH88KBjUWDrSudXSWyDUz4a1d5xx--B0ei0MewuUSiq89JvPmlEgmhPU4mIWbimZLeibuScBUctUEQEazu9zYNiEYFe_2pK-mWVSI2IOJaU3HRuA1bDdD7MyhscvejU1VWwbSo3iljBiNdG0m6nwaicr4ON-CRdcg5QiCw9g/s789/Leo%20College%20Albert%20Salle%20Int%20(delcampe)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="505" data-original-width="789" height="410" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj47Zc9tN-6WpSpRTPyanpjH88KBjUWDrSudXSWyDUz4a1d5xx--B0ei0MewuUSiq89JvPmlEgmhPU4mIWbimZLeibuScBUctUEQEazu9zYNiEYFe_2pK-mWVSI2IOJaU3HRuA1bDdD7MyhscvejU1VWwbSo3iljBiNdG0m6nwaicr4ON-CRdcg5QiCw9g/w640-h410/Leo%20College%20Albert%20Salle%20Int%20(delcampe)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><u>
Sources</u>: <div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Courrier d’Afrique, Dec. 21, 1944. </li><li> « La société Hasson & frères aurait décidé de fermer ses portes «, mbote.cd, Dec. 9, 2017.
</li></ul></div>Mwana Mbokahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01575491982841275224noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3042101873369162734.post-38036899426440481922023-06-12T23:41:00.001+01:002023-06-12T23:43:21.298+01:00Leopoldville 1943 - Two franc elephant<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgh0tQMwIwMRsUzKwD-12xqJkcU2NlYSVOsACHWDgHDz7_ufRe_5McIbul7fiTzhCSjHvT1OF2I8141XYZTp-yCs3oIembpQSstvhayLePRJkDfQtP_ZCStJvVArevic6Tfar8X0YBt53QfxDP9mKCQunvcEQAp_l3CltqIyI8NFSZNne0nZ6MGGWzl/s846/Cgo%202%20Franc%20piece'43%20(collectors).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="431" data-original-width="846" height="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgh0tQMwIwMRsUzKwD-12xqJkcU2NlYSVOsACHWDgHDz7_ufRe_5McIbul7fiTzhCSjHvT1OF2I8141XYZTp-yCs3oIembpQSstvhayLePRJkDfQtP_ZCStJvVArevic6Tfar8X0YBt53QfxDP9mKCQunvcEQAp_l3CltqIyI8NFSZNne0nZ6MGGWzl/w640-h326/Cgo%202%20Franc%20piece'43%20(collectors).jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In 1942, with the economy picking up and more Congolese participating in the cash economy, the Belgian Government in Exile in London placed an order with the Philadelphia Mint for 25 million 2 franc coins (worth about a nickel). A hexagonal brass piece with a striding elephant on one side and Banque du Congo Belge in French and Flemish on the obverse, it was the first coin that did not feature an image of the monarch, given the sensitivities around Leopold III's surrender in June 1940. The coins were likely cast from expended brass artillery shell casings. The Flemish text lacked a “c” in Belgisch, but with 25 million pieces produced, the error was too expensive to correct and the coins were shipped to Congo and placed in circulation. In 1946, a smaller, round 2 franc coin was produced by the Pretoria mint and the hexagonal one taken out of circulation (coins.www.colectors-society.com, Sep. 22, 2021).</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC1hLo5_efiTFuG4CV6vROs3SSDUuIXK6c_yk3_B81v8fbpWm-5_JF6Kmmv51Ptv0gkQaUzWnbkvfEPgN5D4ijkF5EFG4h0Hia0ZhaWLI9gPyVq4BJdh4_8CSFrQqumRRD46cb0uKYwAT32kLl2IBkcrwi828WDZpjree7-ndCAHoFcCU2pmlCpBeM/s1300/Cgo%202%20Franc'46%20(ma-shops.com).jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="643" data-original-width="1300" height="317" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC1hLo5_efiTFuG4CV6vROs3SSDUuIXK6c_yk3_B81v8fbpWm-5_JF6Kmmv51Ptv0gkQaUzWnbkvfEPgN5D4ijkF5EFG4h0Hia0ZhaWLI9gPyVq4BJdh4_8CSFrQqumRRD46cb0uKYwAT32kLl2IBkcrwi828WDZpjree7-ndCAHoFcCU2pmlCpBeM/w640-h317/Cgo%202%20Franc'46%20(ma-shops.com).jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>Mwana Mbokahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01575491982841275224noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3042101873369162734.post-6328741589060472562022-09-09T01:10:00.000+01:002022-09-09T01:10:50.006+01:00Leopoldville 1942 – US Army establishes Camp Presnell<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In a previous post (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/05/leopoldville-1942-us-troops-expand.html">May 23, 2011</a></i>), I described the arrival of the U.S. Army in Leopoldville at the end of August 1942, with an assignment to upgrade Ndolo airport to handle heavy bombers in transit to the Middle East and the China-Burma-India Theater in Asia. Among the troops was a segregated African American unit, Company C of the 27th Quartermaster Truck Regiment. The Belgians were outraged. The Colonial administration had long sought to subvert claims by millenarian sects that black American soldiers would come to liberate the Congolese from colonial tutelage, a sentiment which the demands of the war effort helped to accentuate. On September 1, the Assistant Belgian Military Attaché in Washington delivered a formal complaint from Minister of the Colonies de Vleeschauwer.</span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2dacxW47Vb6S56bYTeAR0N_zM8KdnL20NVhFE_CbXbCxbYhWaTzu42-0SbhHdvw3Q_nLtuZQ-YiYbbpj7RoXFnvT5GnfS9Y88lnpl9-1mXTeXZFE888uBsGSV4NwkOSraB10WCtLfu30DZHO2G5OvomL0dQTNgmaXlTo3LtJMLht4dQuWQCVaiCNU/s1208/Leo%20Camp%20Presnell'42%20(NewsBe'421114)-copy.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="734" data-original-width="1208" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2dacxW47Vb6S56bYTeAR0N_zM8KdnL20NVhFE_CbXbCxbYhWaTzu42-0SbhHdvw3Q_nLtuZQ-YiYbbpj7RoXFnvT5GnfS9Y88lnpl9-1mXTeXZFE888uBsGSV4NwkOSraB10WCtLfu30DZHO2G5OvomL0dQTNgmaXlTo3LtJMLht4dQuWQCVaiCNU/w640-h388/Leo%20Camp%20Presnell'42%20(NewsBe'421114)-copy.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">US Army troops on arrival in Leopoldville (Ph. News from Belgium, Nov. 14, 1942)</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium; text-align: left;">In Leopoldville, the Black soldiers were aware they were not welcome and, if they were not, didn’t understand why they were there. They had the same pass privileges as the white troops, but as their commander wrote, were disinclined to exercise this right because, </span></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium; text-align: left;">“There are no places where our troops may go to be served food, or drink, in contrast to the freedom which is enjoyed by our white troops. … they state that a general outward and bold exhibition on the part of the populace showing Colored soldiers' presence and services are not wanted makes their status very obvious.” </span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium; text-align: left;">The unit did not want to return to the US and ultimately it was transferred to Liberia, without its white officers. On Armistice Day, the unit paraded through Leopoldville and crossed over to Brazzaville for onward transport to Liberia.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_UE7ZXLJZJDGh2tnSXs1leXFuBME_SBGZuVFM8L5Qf2j2iDhqv4szxXYIDutjGLinLYxFR0HBs3aIAJ8GcG6d7qlSTPqIRfVmZ0iyXmEYty64kD3PSmcR3p5dJgoIeNiQiXndrzsdYl_c9Rj8SvspWIriME7J-IUQiZbwevRzNGSO6gi6Sxhh4ysD/s751/Leo%20US%20Army'42%20Black%20troops%20(ebay)-copy-copy-copy-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="423" data-original-width="751" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_UE7ZXLJZJDGh2tnSXs1leXFuBME_SBGZuVFM8L5Qf2j2iDhqv4szxXYIDutjGLinLYxFR0HBs3aIAJ8GcG6d7qlSTPqIRfVmZ0iyXmEYty64kD3PSmcR3p5dJgoIeNiQiXndrzsdYl_c9Rj8SvspWIriME7J-IUQiZbwevRzNGSO6gi6Sxhh4ysD/w640-h360/Leo%20US%20Army'42%20Black%20troops%20(ebay)-copy-copy-copy-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The 27th Quartermaster Truck unit marching through Leopoldville (Ph. author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMDW5an_0oCYkQryB7j4F9vRAxKU6upds8QNMcdFaGVihwpysHcSKIHAtG3HNJmHwtPMNZCHa4d2LEyg2RIA8AclrkH_3jvkdaxrYrRl-nKtpziDF9U_Yviry9808ECdmmGJYcjXfjEpvQy9P60uIdMDCdFNxakMsWfUcI9B67BHo_xjYcpyRjC3xR/s926/Leo%20US%20Army'421111%20(ebay)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="555" data-original-width="926" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMDW5an_0oCYkQryB7j4F9vRAxKU6upds8QNMcdFaGVihwpysHcSKIHAtG3HNJmHwtPMNZCHa4d2LEyg2RIA8AclrkH_3jvkdaxrYrRl-nKtpziDF9U_Yviry9808ECdmmGJYcjXfjEpvQy9P60uIdMDCdFNxakMsWfUcI9B67BHo_xjYcpyRjC3xR/w640-h384/Leo%20US%20Army'421111%20(ebay)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">US Army troops boarding the ferry to Brazzaville (Ph. author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The US troops initially arrived with minimal equipment and were housed under tents near the Leopold II Force Publique camp (now Camp Kokolo). Initially named Camp Roosevelt, it became Camp Presnell, named for a soldier missing in action in the Philippines. By the end of September, there were 1500 soldiers in Leopoldville. The Force Publique loaned them 20 Chevrolet trucks and an ambulance. The soldiers eventually erected over 50 plywood buildings for dormitories, dining halls and bathing facilities during their stay. At the same time, the 23rd Station Hospital was established to provide care if flight crews were injured. The nurses were initially lodged in the Hotel ABC (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/03/kinshasa-1914-hotel-abc-opens-its-doors.html">Mar. 27, 2011</a></i>) until barracks were built.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgpFxAGT8L9eXI6Tgagw_1Rhha_LRZecDicghYITT3aWDC5vxwMrJkw0JPEzyPs_xwBvy7By6Q9PXqYV_tQb19xkC4ZhFZxWDQ0JXQaK2HOxPuhv2KvUXinVpIenxdg77aHeD14suW6eG6BG-FBErnDgUoMeq8PlKWgniyC2h2uO0-O3P79CBw6WD6/s3927/Leo%20Camp%20Presnell%20Q%20(NARA.RG169-09)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2514" data-original-width="3927" height="410" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgpFxAGT8L9eXI6Tgagw_1Rhha_LRZecDicghYITT3aWDC5vxwMrJkw0JPEzyPs_xwBvy7By6Q9PXqYV_tQb19xkC4ZhFZxWDQ0JXQaK2HOxPuhv2KvUXinVpIenxdg77aHeD14suW6eG6BG-FBErnDgUoMeq8PlKWgniyC2h2uO0-O3P79CBw6WD6/w640-h410/Leo%20Camp%20Presnell%20Q%20(NARA.RG169-09)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Barracks at Camp Presnell (Ph. author coll, courtesy of NARA)</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO5UZAUAKDTDOPhPgKOnF4Zw9bw5JNR9fwP5WZB_wGSwKUiiC68S_nXvAvuFd8VIFzkmgcSV1oW1NiW2XqfahmZ2twcfK3Ggfa_kIwD7gdx2S1WdAyftEYoPX5CrCAFFCiEdaBR-t4e4tY2-MYkJnHNv_gyaPqjQU5Q9MEphsPk5Prgd790y8_-woQ/s3810/Leo%20Camp%20Presnell%20Q%20(NARA.RG169-07)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2473" data-original-width="3810" height="416" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO5UZAUAKDTDOPhPgKOnF4Zw9bw5JNR9fwP5WZB_wGSwKUiiC68S_nXvAvuFd8VIFzkmgcSV1oW1NiW2XqfahmZ2twcfK3Ggfa_kIwD7gdx2S1WdAyftEYoPX5CrCAFFCiEdaBR-t4e4tY2-MYkJnHNv_gyaPqjQU5Q9MEphsPk5Prgd790y8_-woQ/w640-h416/Leo%20Camp%20Presnell%20Q%20(NARA.RG169-07)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The barracks (Ph. author coll, courtesy of NARA)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv9UGTI2ijtNt_3mv-ljCsFLY_qZJ-2_v8orLwe43RfkzVe-W0dUaW-SzOhLbs9nYc6Y7iMVHtJl-wDAF6kzcA73R4P6OWEtmGJoZ6E5bDOepM7oe4M_wRsHihTcjNdOI_7SZX3chJ9YCQpEbZRf7auk4ACiP7OSCjzovWgIzSpRlEU2-NLL4o6Yrx/s3928/Leo%20Camp%20Presnell%20Q%20(NARA.RG169-11)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2575" data-original-width="3928" height="420" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv9UGTI2ijtNt_3mv-ljCsFLY_qZJ-2_v8orLwe43RfkzVe-W0dUaW-SzOhLbs9nYc6Y7iMVHtJl-wDAF6kzcA73R4P6OWEtmGJoZ6E5bDOepM7oe4M_wRsHihTcjNdOI_7SZX3chJ9YCQpEbZRf7auk4ACiP7OSCjzovWgIzSpRlEU2-NLL4o6Yrx/w640-h420/Leo%20Camp%20Presnell%20Q%20(NARA.RG169-11)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Camp Presnell barracks (Ph. author coll, courtesy of NARA)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The U.S. engineers completed the upgrading of Ndolo airport in record time. Earlier in the year, the Belgians had extended the landing strip to a length of 2,300 meters and 30 meters wide. The Americans laid down a concrete runway, enabling Army Air Corps B-17 and B-24 bombers to land without damage to the surface. The engineers also erected and installed all the buildings and facilities necessary for the operation of the ferrying base. By the end of the year, they were ready to move on to their next assignment in Dakar, where the French Vichy government had capitulated after the Allied landings in North Africa in November.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijIlCY8Vw3Zt6kCi7CxVPghGVf5DcOg3HyzjXv_I-5N2AZEh1oZ5sFfRIpQgPxAPtP4aR_yVNplVUPXp1W_o4rL9EzqVP3_7N9TR-R5JIMBvZVFmJr1dWvJERd3IbOwPv8YMHQmuDOSHVdOdYbELN1Dt0yn8n-YhHyWPzHr2C6ZzeWk5lgzcPhLo3P/s2036/Leo%20Airport%20Ndolo'40s%20(decalue'17b)-copy.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1226" data-original-width="2036" height="386" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijIlCY8Vw3Zt6kCi7CxVPghGVf5DcOg3HyzjXv_I-5N2AZEh1oZ5sFfRIpQgPxAPtP4aR_yVNplVUPXp1W_o4rL9EzqVP3_7N9TR-R5JIMBvZVFmJr1dWvJERd3IbOwPv8YMHQmuDOSHVdOdYbELN1Dt0yn8n-YhHyWPzHr2C6ZzeWk5lgzcPhLo3P/w640-h386/Leo%20Airport%20Ndolo'40s%20(decalue'17b)-copy.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ndolo airport in the 1940s (Ph. author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">In January, the last of the engineers left Congo for Dakar. In March, the medical staff of the 23rd Army Station Hospital was airlifted to Morocco. Except for a small Air Transport Command liaison unit commanded by an Army Air Corps lieutenant, the US Army was gone. A notice in the Courrier d’Afrique in June advised all creditors to present any claims at the US Army HQ at “Villa Roseraie” on Avenue Olsen (Kabasele Tshamala) before June 15. This was the complex of buildings into which the US Consulate and other war agencies moved in May (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2018/08/kinshasa-2018-former-us-consulate.html">Aug. 2, 2018</a></i>).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxmWK0QhqYjUxmoINbZbtI64tOqcd9Y96QJIU5LejOgjbXb4EkcBqhZX75jQOOfkSXJUE5v5Cq58KkasfhATWgklVX7brcGRCac6cTzf2tiHybsHxcTiu3Wcyvv6tWthnaFdcB6KW_G8HNlKgEUgaO6DBOZXS5F3RHF04T9cLgJZ9LW_Ce1ROR6xLG/s473/Leo%20US%20Army%2038th%20Eng%20(6thcorps)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="347" data-original-width="473" height="470" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxmWK0QhqYjUxmoINbZbtI64tOqcd9Y96QJIU5LejOgjbXb4EkcBqhZX75jQOOfkSXJUE5v5Cq58KkasfhATWgklVX7brcGRCac6cTzf2tiHybsHxcTiu3Wcyvv6tWthnaFdcB6KW_G8HNlKgEUgaO6DBOZXS5F3RHF04T9cLgJZ9LW_Ce1ROR6xLG/w640-h470/Leo%20US%20Army%2038th%20Eng%20(6thcorps)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A member of the 38th Engineers with Congolese (Ph. author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh36ht1tI35QMyNKx4ixfKrV6HQV6KFTm-Xk_lujdz5SXONbQNl-_oIRwX5n5meTgrQBXFjFnUBT0qSsPfMSrJq9IriE0YUWZf5_QW0N5vRemu-JOM5u3_JrpFS-4tiiWpT8M7x0h8yI1DVscaDrDDspx7klRkAtrYOTgyvdk8CRDWKZr3FA7kAAfjx/s749/Leo%20US%20Consulate'490204%20(Pendleton-uwm.edu)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="749" data-original-width="730" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh36ht1tI35QMyNKx4ixfKrV6HQV6KFTm-Xk_lujdz5SXONbQNl-_oIRwX5n5meTgrQBXFjFnUBT0qSsPfMSrJq9IriE0YUWZf5_QW0N5vRemu-JOM5u3_JrpFS-4tiiWpT8M7x0h8yI1DVscaDrDDspx7klRkAtrYOTgyvdk8CRDWKZr3FA7kAAfjx/w624-h640/Leo%20US%20Consulate'490204%20(Pendleton-uwm.edu)-copy.jpg" width="624" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The "Roseraie" building, which later became the US Consulate <br />(Ph. Northwestern University, digital collections)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidfsW5oyS_fodTN7iQPtTJwY4ZKRVbnYbVdxUbgrWB26zofBaK3yIGZsF30GdDiUv4-2IwWhLUh72ZrA5VNflYDbyNWV6uU9khQ0xcqr4k_8nprAMWxm_OF38ArnAqVF-mEb89os8e0VRYxxN_NYHMHMHmZokKNvYaGuWfOZP3JyOls2PgL8Ul1aMz/s1727/Leo%20Hsg%20Tropica%20Q%20(NWU1)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1246" data-original-width="1727" height="462" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidfsW5oyS_fodTN7iQPtTJwY4ZKRVbnYbVdxUbgrWB26zofBaK3yIGZsF30GdDiUv4-2IwWhLUh72ZrA5VNflYDbyNWV6uU9khQ0xcqr4k_8nprAMWxm_OF38ArnAqVF-mEb89os8e0VRYxxN_NYHMHMHmZokKNvYaGuWfOZP3JyOls2PgL8Ul1aMz/w640-h462/Leo%20Hsg%20Tropica%20Q%20(NWU1)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The adjacent "Villa Tropica", which also housed US War Agency offices <br />(Ph. Northwestern University, digital collections)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Camp Presnell remained unoccupied –military visitors were lodged at the Avenue Olsen complex– until August 1944, when Mullins and Jack, a Rhodesian company based in Elisabethville, contacted the Central African Division of the Air Transport Command in Miami about purchasing the structures. Advised to contact the ATC liaison officer in Leopoldville, Mullins and Jack submitted a bid on November 15 for 50 buildings at Camp Presnell and 28 hospital buildings, offering Fr. 475,000 ($204,250.00). A minor turf battle ensued between the Foreign Economic Agency (FEA), which had the authority to dispose of surplus property and the US Army, which had the authority to declare the property surplus, but which took no action. The FEA noted that the buildings were deteriorating and the Army did not have the capacity to salvage them. The situation remained unresolved during 1945 and not until November were the two properties declared “excess”, with the camp structures estimated to have cost $778,470 and the hospital $64,900. The cost differential with the Mullins and Jack bid likely includes the cost of shipping the materials to Congo versus its salvage value.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcB2p8dXz40XgdGBw5teXTTj-dRyGNPnKUaSu9SM8zbtpAgJq6X4W_GijHl65BCGK6Axe2wGjvr1D8155Bknq9eaSZfi3J61OV9hflAzGXsgUEcvk7pM4Lnu9w607HBvk3J8mOzDp4wsPxlVhSkPp9BXWK-KSZEa4L9y96379SUSl9zUgeGXLhv1dV/s3930/Leo%20Camp%20Presnell%20Q%20(NARA.RG169-13)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2583" data-original-width="3930" height="420" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcB2p8dXz40XgdGBw5teXTTj-dRyGNPnKUaSu9SM8zbtpAgJq6X4W_GijHl65BCGK6Axe2wGjvr1D8155Bknq9eaSZfi3J61OV9hflAzGXsgUEcvk7pM4Lnu9w607HBvk3J8mOzDp4wsPxlVhSkPp9BXWK-KSZEa4L9y96379SUSl9zUgeGXLhv1dV/w640-h420/Leo%20Camp%20Presnell%20Q%20(NARA.RG169-13)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Camp Presnell barracks (Ph. author coll, courtesy of NARA)</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA76COeL2xK0Q5GKmKteo_lCYJu0u7ieoKxe2uMg0ceHqd1tkNy0KVSp5bMetzZNYx_3hs7eagj7XouUdnAixpG3w8MjyenSC8pv0wgTbHn901cpWquf44Knv9vC9Ec4nVKgidL1otkyc6DvRDDgI3pZsaz7XnI9PrJZq4dP97PqR4yIO9rifSqVlq/s3916/Leo%20Camp%20Presnell%20Q%20(NARA.RG169-08)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2498" data-original-width="3916" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA76COeL2xK0Q5GKmKteo_lCYJu0u7ieoKxe2uMg0ceHqd1tkNy0KVSp5bMetzZNYx_3hs7eagj7XouUdnAixpG3w8MjyenSC8pv0wgTbHn901cpWquf44Knv9vC9Ec4nVKgidL1otkyc6DvRDDgI3pZsaz7XnI9PrJZq4dP97PqR4yIO9rifSqVlq/w640-h408/Leo%20Camp%20Presnell%20Q%20(NARA.RG169-08)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Congolese Force Publique guard at Camp Presnell (Ph. author coll, courtesy of NARA)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVWZQZegq5VTPBPpuYcqfDLpP-3WRQ_dEU0rG3fd116hz0hoTYUa0EeeyDS0pGFfHCqG1uWOLvJurdxjgGa-CnABkq0G7ubxadgQzEYk22b6TENwMwNLGL9GHUxkzvjekbaKuniBIQlPFC9s9ct6DEg0R5Np2YLfdPEeEFC5tIs_26X9l_1A9H7fSn/s3796/Leo%20Camp%20Presnell%20Q%20(NARA.RG169-14)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2381" data-original-width="3796" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVWZQZegq5VTPBPpuYcqfDLpP-3WRQ_dEU0rG3fd116hz0hoTYUa0EeeyDS0pGFfHCqG1uWOLvJurdxjgGa-CnABkq0G7ubxadgQzEYk22b6TENwMwNLGL9GHUxkzvjekbaKuniBIQlPFC9s9ct6DEg0R5Np2YLfdPEeEFC5tIs_26X9l_1A9H7fSn/w640-h402/Leo%20Camp%20Presnell%20Q%20(NARA.RG169-14)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Camp Presnell barracks, note thatch added to the metal roof of the building on the right<br />(Ph. author coll, courtesy of NARA)</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">By this time, however, it appears there were no buyers, as six months later an influx of Belgians returning to the colony from Europe so overwhelmed local hotel capacity that the arrivals were lodged in the barracks. Similarly, attendees at Protestant meetings in June and July 1946 stayed in the hospital and Camp Presnell. I have not yet found any record of final disposal of the buildings. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">There are still vestiges of Camp Presnell in Kinshasa, though no physical trace remains. An area west of Camp Kokolo in Commune Ngaliema’s Quartier Basoko is called Camp Américain. A street that parallels Avenue de l’Union Africaine behind GB/Shoprite is called Avenue Kalikaki, a reference to Kalikak International, established by American investor Harold Kalikak, who tried to break into the Kinshasa construction market in the 1970s and built a residential compound there.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUGSOLd3pA-2NZG04YMZn_gBR3pDQpOcXY5eauUitS3YuoW4uTOD_fRYJOkyYYGLRiqNOurxv0TNTOAUmWJeVy31NV_Gp1d89VsIr_e7b5YkCNQML22Wj5XJJwdmCmp8GlujOOYjemvajpBmJr8QQMdmPHfUuFsal2pDYEYdQ_aBtfz-z1oP7JFXL6/s4231/1Kin%20Ave%20Kalikaki'22%20(R&N37)%20copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3304" data-original-width="4231" height="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUGSOLd3pA-2NZG04YMZn_gBR3pDQpOcXY5eauUitS3YuoW4uTOD_fRYJOkyYYGLRiqNOurxv0TNTOAUmWJeVy31NV_Gp1d89VsIr_e7b5YkCNQML22Wj5XJJwdmCmp8GlujOOYjemvajpBmJr8QQMdmPHfUuFsal2pDYEYdQ_aBtfz-z1oP7JFXL6/w640-h500/1Kin%20Ave%20Kalikaki'22%20(R&N37)%20copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ave Kalikaki 2022 (Ph. R&N)</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdEClHWCeSeohKUFhASfHN5oHZHglYxtnkL2XLynUS3DOm5maWWMsHIV5qrwfPiqfTobjQzvFwa47e4D4EJDqkj02sVH-czJvKHAHL5O5UatDCI4HIrya8j2EB1q5Q2zB2n9HGXpclkivZ-FSZzS335DUWmcOKy2rKiZKnt91snnfwvUTpjPOMQa4i/s4138/1Kin%20Ave%20Kalikaki'22%20(R&N22)%20copy-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3003" data-original-width="4138" height="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdEClHWCeSeohKUFhASfHN5oHZHglYxtnkL2XLynUS3DOm5maWWMsHIV5qrwfPiqfTobjQzvFwa47e4D4EJDqkj02sVH-czJvKHAHL5O5UatDCI4HIrya8j2EB1q5Q2zB2n9HGXpclkivZ-FSZzS335DUWmcOKy2rKiZKnt91snnfwvUTpjPOMQa4i/w640-h464/1Kin%20Ave%20Kalikaki'22%20(R&N22)%20copy-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ave Kalikaki 2022 (Ph. R&N)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-6nVbvd5LiDzcQzr7TmQwJH94VgJs9RzPpHVVB_SUnoF4WbRVAr1yGG9azrYeJUz6qpkNkDqpNc4YONUKFyMJr8pkBe5wzu0yQ9rICpxyIMAsBrgPE8bgPs96_Q-r_OMokGLSDdxkwpnIxclFCONA4Z17oJRWUNVKMWjKQTPXHIQOHVRGF4I6e65n/s5184/1Kin%20Ave%20Kalikaki'22%20(R&N03d).jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3888" data-original-width="5184" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-6nVbvd5LiDzcQzr7TmQwJH94VgJs9RzPpHVVB_SUnoF4WbRVAr1yGG9azrYeJUz6qpkNkDqpNc4YONUKFyMJr8pkBe5wzu0yQ9rICpxyIMAsBrgPE8bgPs96_Q-r_OMokGLSDdxkwpnIxclFCONA4Z17oJRWUNVKMWjKQTPXHIQOHVRGF4I6e65n/w640-h480/1Kin%20Ave%20Kalikaki'22%20(R&N03d).jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Side street off Ave. Kalikaki 2022 (Ph. R&N)</td></tr></tbody></table><br />
Sources: <div><br /></div><div>Lee, Ulysses, 1963. The Employment of Negro Troops, Center of Military History, United States Army.
</div><div><br /></div><div>National Archives and Records Administration, multiple years 1939-1945.</div>Mwana Mbokahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01575491982841275224noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3042101873369162734.post-20176000429250350902022-08-10T21:33:00.018+01:002022-08-11T11:33:01.213+01:00Elisabethville 1910 – The Cape to Cairo railroad arrives<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The photos below don’t have much to do with Kinshasa, but I’ve had them for a while and think the time-lapse series is too interesting not to share. They show the arrival of the railway from South Africa at the Etoile Mine in southern Katanga on October 1, 1910. The rails had reached Sakania, on the border with Northern Rhodesia (Zambia) and a Belgian company, the Chemin de Fer du Katanga (CFK) created in 1902 to link the Katangan copper mines to the Cape to Cairo line, completed the work. CFK was further charged to extend the railway to the Lualaba River at Bukama, which would connect Katanga to Leopoldville by a series of rail and river links operated by the Chemin de fer des Grands Lacs Africains (CFL), opening up much of the entire colony to mechanized transportation.</span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcIxBlWwhhLcERLp8QP4Fb-h_BR_hm6v1aVImzcfAWJ9Ltqor7tJvIus0IMejV0HjFOIw-hrrJu9wNybqd9QPqvipVHbbz5tGn_p0gSGnRTa8s7q-gvVBrAkJn2zI01TJM32UR30OcIHjm3CMjJeMPOW_9_O_WMy8S426x94tuTk8QE0qsNsaA9Ln4/s1267/Etoile%20CFK%27101001%20Danhier%20%28delc1%29.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="942" data-original-width="1267" height="474" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcIxBlWwhhLcERLp8QP4Fb-h_BR_hm6v1aVImzcfAWJ9Ltqor7tJvIus0IMejV0HjFOIw-hrrJu9wNybqd9QPqvipVHbbz5tGn_p0gSGnRTa8s7q-gvVBrAkJn2zI01TJM32UR30OcIHjm3CMjJeMPOW_9_O_WMy8S426x94tuTk8QE0qsNsaA9Ln4/w640-h474/Etoile%20CFK'101001%20Danhier%20(delc1).jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The rail bed (Photos, author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3zKruFhbB4DMTf0AAx4ePaoHQmiCaZA3IlPcdveFQ9D7BDxXf3Xt-Ow_I4dsiH0hc_E1U4zrjUni-66W_uAkZoxtk_KcLuncxZtHmlW9RoJWDPUNJTqbacgWb3de4ydiwWfuOI9fyDU-uB4XT0T8FtGt6lomRNUN6GfESc2vMJIVZfKXASA1MrEcJ/s1320/Etoile%20CFK%27101001%20Danhier%20%28delc2%29-copy.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="1320" height="485" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3zKruFhbB4DMTf0AAx4ePaoHQmiCaZA3IlPcdveFQ9D7BDxXf3Xt-Ow_I4dsiH0hc_E1U4zrjUni-66W_uAkZoxtk_KcLuncxZtHmlW9RoJWDPUNJTqbacgWb3de4ydiwWfuOI9fyDU-uB4XT0T8FtGt6lomRNUN6GfESc2vMJIVZfKXASA1MrEcJ/w640-h485/Etoile%20CFK'101001%20Danhier%20(delc2)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Workers begin delivering rail road ties. The work is all manual.</td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyjbNtz4by-GEkrqLuyTceGZfJ9NTY_3m513iog-llXtkK1gPDPj6VhvO9rhyS-sP5QTtp8w7YRJ2frZKWdFG4DspY5hh_50frp0I0BIo9xUxqk9hyeEychTO34OcKeG6pusoIi7ApTlic8xpBSLsKc60-5lbmycAh-e0czOWOSsl53xrlc-tmVhGV/s1331/Etoile%20CFK%27101001%20Danhier%20%28delc3%29-copy.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1016" data-original-width="1331" height="488" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyjbNtz4by-GEkrqLuyTceGZfJ9NTY_3m513iog-llXtkK1gPDPj6VhvO9rhyS-sP5QTtp8w7YRJ2frZKWdFG4DspY5hh_50frp0I0BIo9xUxqk9hyeEychTO34OcKeG6pusoIi7ApTlic8xpBSLsKc60-5lbmycAh-e0czOWOSsl53xrlc-tmVhGV/w640-h488/Etoile%20CFK'101001%20Danhier%20(delc3)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Flat cars bring up the ties.</td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRjqxKDdsdJVqsV2-KswhIUAMWZ2k4sNZSUli7L58MZgyLw00Zjv3PKa7Dg10zy4H2gGN1FYRtdiecY3aTVxyqgX3DyzzQwWOyKt2gbcB8XNFkRbPeZQyKa6Abg3VkssZgJI39tP523ncSNmHWP_D8Z2ieihRBsRWOpvE3PBpLJ3yzCw215E3FJScA/s1360/Etoile%20CFK%27101001%20Danhier%20%28delc4%29-copy.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="1360" height="483" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRjqxKDdsdJVqsV2-KswhIUAMWZ2k4sNZSUli7L58MZgyLw00Zjv3PKa7Dg10zy4H2gGN1FYRtdiecY3aTVxyqgX3DyzzQwWOyKt2gbcB8XNFkRbPeZQyKa6Abg3VkssZgJI39tP523ncSNmHWP_D8Z2ieihRBsRWOpvE3PBpLJ3yzCw215E3FJScA/w640-h483/Etoile%20CFK'101001%20Danhier%20(delc4)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The ties are laid under supervision of European foremen.</td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisV5Xj8bI4_eD8fkr4N4XYbymNXPQk-Ntm7ZwLAojT8CO4-At8Qgyk4QccskS787rcGBv5H0pFMakJLyf4N_i3y6HnEgF-jVarA8FgJ_tL2tL9spkCLBS-WA_HjSlSLL-3PWYXTtYx1DBShepjtjG3sH7UUH30l9ht01jVVWNeGHF_h8zdTyEUqL2A/s1321/Etoile%20CFK%27101001%20Danhier%20%28delc5%29-copy.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1031" data-original-width="1321" height="499" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisV5Xj8bI4_eD8fkr4N4XYbymNXPQk-Ntm7ZwLAojT8CO4-At8Qgyk4QccskS787rcGBv5H0pFMakJLyf4N_i3y6HnEgF-jVarA8FgJ_tL2tL9spkCLBS-WA_HjSlSLL-3PWYXTtYx1DBShepjtjG3sH7UUH30l9ht01jVVWNeGHF_h8zdTyEUqL2A/w640-h499/Etoile%20CFK'101001%20Danhier%20(delc5)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The train comes up the new line and the process continues.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
The arrival of the rail line at Etoile prompted the Belgian authorities to create Elisabethville (now Lubumbashi) as the capital of Katanga. Construction of the line to Bukama continued, reaching Likasi in June 1913, and Tenke, 255 kilometers northwest of Elisabethville in July 1914. Shortages of materials delayed construction during World War I. Tracks and ties were seized by Belgian forces from the railway in German East Africa (Tanzania) (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2014/08/kinshasa-1914-world-war-i-comes-to-congo.html">Aug. 3, 2014</a></i>), and the line finally reached Bukama in May 1918. Ironically, the new transportation line helped spread the Influenza pandemic into eastern Congo from southern Africa later that year (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2020/07/leopoldville-1918-la-grippe-espagnole.html">July 13, 2020</a></i>).</span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyT0blUcUcgamVLMlequXCqvLIr4bmjbmZY2UAmB66L4icCsRzzLazjb3kila3N5llUdUmc_jloio1D3PowamDxeBRq4GyqRY-HCD_ppUpPbzGaPHofH9Nhk1t2KCC5TTdS9zamMpEMVLm2tTteVCWD635OF-LvqrzswqpvN2Qacy1YgM4bvF8yJ-u/s640/Fungur%20Mimi%20on%20rail%20cars%20(corb.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="423" data-original-width="640" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyT0blUcUcgamVLMlequXCqvLIr4bmjbmZY2UAmB66L4icCsRzzLazjb3kila3N5llUdUmc_jloio1D3PowamDxeBRq4GyqRY-HCD_ppUpPbzGaPHofH9Nhk1t2KCC5TTdS9zamMpEMVLm2tTteVCWD635OF-LvqrzswqpvN2Qacy1YgM4bvF8yJ-u/w640-h424/Fungur%20Mimi%20on%20rail%20cars%20(corb.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The RN "Mimi" at Fungurume, 20 kilometers from Tenke in late 1915. The Royal Navy shipped two patrol boats to Katanga via South Africa to support the Belgian campaign against the Germans on Lake Tanganika. From Fungurume, the boats were hauled overland to Bukama, then under their own power down the Lualaba. At Kabalo, the boats were once again loaded on rail cars and shipped to Albertville (National Geographic, Oct. 1922).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjndwzNOlTxQ4cdSz94CFiQd-NUR9y_wmpluqXR02JwUVDjljD8nqdUZGfmpOKkYlyrbTlQoH9cRfOiI0aoyxQrJRHnyqa1vJo0d4YZqcq_cLALHljNtJD4tHPHI-Ai82HsRkUJy7CrQdGmsJzFMXCIgSQL7OZS2PTxC1PeOxDUmQ4S0fknfJYvCeTa/s3456/Fungurume%20Gare'12%20(SS11)-copy.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="2592" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjndwzNOlTxQ4cdSz94CFiQd-NUR9y_wmpluqXR02JwUVDjljD8nqdUZGfmpOKkYlyrbTlQoH9cRfOiI0aoyxQrJRHnyqa1vJo0d4YZqcq_cLALHljNtJD4tHPHI-Ai82HsRkUJy7CrQdGmsJzFMXCIgSQL7OZS2PTxC1PeOxDUmQ4S0fknfJYvCeTa/w480-h640/Fungurume%20Gare'12%20(SS11)-copy.JPG" width="480" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fungurume railway station in 2012. The rail was manufactured for CFK by <br />the Ougree steel mill 100 years previously (Ph. author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Another company created in 1906 was intended to extend the rail line from Bukama to Port Francqui (Ilebo) on the Kasai River, to provide a more direct route to Leopoldville with fewer transshipments. The grandiose-sounding Compagnie du chemin de fer du Bas-Congo au Katanga (BCK) began work on a bridge spanning the Lualaba at Bukama in 1923 and the railway reached Port Francqui in 1928. King Albert and Queen Elisabeth inaugurated the line during their visit to the colony (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2018/08/leopoldville-1928-royals-visit.html">Aug. 22, 2018</a></i>).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmInUtYv2lPNjTGLAixD4iKhGei0iJzCIQknNadsBM1phuNpq9Q-9SMU2u5PWZ5mFtRLKdZxo4iZ-k5HvONxtTrnh1k2DUIBsAtMcjY06iLZuF9chUzzFMrx6SKUHDIgnrAaEdEBQonwykE3x9xOd0lSWZSHnBj-TkrYzS_bvoUXLe4WennMxsEyBn/s821/Bukama%20Bridge%20(delcampe)-copy.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="535" data-original-width="821" height="418" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmInUtYv2lPNjTGLAixD4iKhGei0iJzCIQknNadsBM1phuNpq9Q-9SMU2u5PWZ5mFtRLKdZxo4iZ-k5HvONxtTrnh1k2DUIBsAtMcjY06iLZuF9chUzzFMrx6SKUHDIgnrAaEdEBQonwykE3x9xOd0lSWZSHnBj-TkrYzS_bvoUXLe4WennMxsEyBn/w640-h418/Bukama%20Bridge%20(delcampe)-copy.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The BCK rail bridge at Bukama nearing completion (Ph. author coll.)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicZsCh5gYFAUIHTMQsemSJgampx_P8U0_0tPo9_a_khbOOztEQDIdPL6qmbQquFBlnJwdmjbI6tn_-18OtD1OYpDODNgA7o86YsstzChmVgTU7vqcyJyqfXR1q0fZkj0HP59NahWGpMfDdcw08ZakY9hilZotY1QhmbDIjASsr8h5_oQC_w-ImyzUw/s1529/Pt.Francqui%20port%20Zag%20(delc2)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="944" data-original-width="1529" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicZsCh5gYFAUIHTMQsemSJgampx_P8U0_0tPo9_a_khbOOztEQDIdPL6qmbQquFBlnJwdmjbI6tn_-18OtD1OYpDODNgA7o86YsstzChmVgTU7vqcyJyqfXR1q0fZkj0HP59NahWGpMfDdcw08ZakY9hilZotY1QhmbDIjASsr8h5_oQC_w-ImyzUw/w640-h396/Pt.Francqui%20port%20Zag%20(delc2)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The port at Port Francqui (Ph. author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">During World War Two, with Congo cut off from Belgium, many colonials took their holidays in South Africa. The shipping line, Otraco, added a second steamer to the bi-monthly trip to Port Francqui to accommodate the increased demand. On their return, Leopoldville was supplied with butter, cheese, cold cuts and fresh fruit from Katanga and South Africa, which were no longer available from Europe. These fresh items were marketed to retailers by Profrigo and the Maurice Michaux grocery on Ave. du Port. In January 1942, failure to load the contents of a refrigerated wagon on the SS “Luxembourg” at Port Francqui precipitated a butter crisis in Leopoldville.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2YaUatdxziLgaliRtOiNjUvc4oTR5GBcJio6WIuy99hw9wrMY4R6zqTRP31ZnLe4bWv_lH1I8aaR4cMj3Ea8uy2Go9rXKp3bnKLcYT5fxDGsi2QgHwhGNa05DGSCEXVY3uS0lwjvM28vOLqBV-pa1gupfP-8NOMY6Ka6Femn9U2RBklHUgGAQQjMy/s939/SS%20Luxembourg%20(delcampe)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="593" data-original-width="939" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2YaUatdxziLgaliRtOiNjUvc4oTR5GBcJio6WIuy99hw9wrMY4R6zqTRP31ZnLe4bWv_lH1I8aaR4cMj3Ea8uy2Go9rXKp3bnKLcYT5fxDGsi2QgHwhGNa05DGSCEXVY3uS0lwjvM28vOLqBV-pa1gupfP-8NOMY6Ka6Femn9U2RBklHUgGAQQjMy/w640-h404/SS%20Luxembourg%20(delcampe)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The "Luxembourg", possibly at Port Francqui (Ph. author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidHWJkmrVldqVwl8eTRn5MZJw0WpYIXxovClvp6_puRY_CGaFFg4FtmibNMkpsgW4Dn2QmEerpb2eTSuSPQt89Qd8GHdV9giYkInnshEVbCaCWMr4Iabqvn_TB503h3C3VL6xTASH-9jyxW6vOSe5e87scedUQkWnknAP9PBtnGL-K2OX1v929LvhC/s974/Pt.Francqui%20Q%20SS%20Luxembourg%20(delcampe1aa)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="647" data-original-width="974" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidHWJkmrVldqVwl8eTRn5MZJw0WpYIXxovClvp6_puRY_CGaFFg4FtmibNMkpsgW4Dn2QmEerpb2eTSuSPQt89Qd8GHdV9giYkInnshEVbCaCWMr4Iabqvn_TB503h3C3VL6xTASH-9jyxW6vOSe5e87scedUQkWnknAP9PBtnGL-K2OX1v929LvhC/w640-h426/Pt.Francqui%20Q%20SS%20Luxembourg%20(delcampe1aa)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The "Luxembourg", possibly at Banningville (Bandundu) en route to Port Francqui<br />(Ph. author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In 1956, a BCK branch line north from Kamina connected with the CFL rail line at Kabalo, circumventing the river section from Bukama. After Independence, some consideration was given to extending the line Ilebo or Kananga to Kinshasa or Matadi, providing an all rail route from the copperbelt to Congo’s Atlantic port. However, conflict between Mobutu and a British-Japanese consortium led by Lonrho and Nissho Iwai halted the proposed feasibility study. The nationalization of all Zairian rail lines under the Société Nationale des Chemins de fer du Zaire (SNCZ) in 1974 put paid to any further consideration of a unified railway system.</span></div>Mwana Mbokahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01575491982841275224noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3042101873369162734.post-57214836735458449982022-04-01T23:07:00.011+01:002022-04-02T15:52:10.575+01:00Leopoldville 1957 –Fish at the Zoo<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> One day in March 1957, my dad showed me an advertisement from the Zoo (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/02/leopoldville-1956-tourist-circuit.html">Feb. 6, 2011</a></i>) in the “Courrier d’Afrique” newspaper in Leopoldville announcing it had completed construction of some new animal enclosures and invited the public to come out the following Monday to see the animals in their new surroundings. When we arrived, there were indeed new, more animal-friendly habitats than the cages that were norm in the original development of the Zoo. But the animals were plush toys with signs proclaiming “Poisson d’Avril” (April Fools) next to them.</span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmP15oQxKKa_lvhBnwj6two_GYESmCbbZUHDEDpaWoDVhrYCHqQrQeDLKQ_LdtiwX5yxEPJSjFv8o9XNYvphFXFjEiOLXiqNmGl_u64vsZtjKIx4E0fblw_ygEcJ4DHR8CTlFTVRACVYyDD_y9WegP0F9PtaapLGmnAkvQ50FcnmGEj6_cgSrNIS3-/s1005/Leo%20Zoo%20Lion%20(delc1).jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="635" data-original-width="1005" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmP15oQxKKa_lvhBnwj6two_GYESmCbbZUHDEDpaWoDVhrYCHqQrQeDLKQ_LdtiwX5yxEPJSjFv8o9XNYvphFXFjEiOLXiqNmGl_u64vsZtjKIx4E0fblw_ygEcJ4DHR8CTlFTVRACVYyDD_y9WegP0F9PtaapLGmnAkvQ50FcnmGEj6_cgSrNIS3-/w640-h404/Leo%20Zoo%20Lion%20(delc1).jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The lion enclosure circa 1957 with actual animals (photo author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuUzGztk3egYs7gW1hi02rzbBRyBs9REqs_GJ4bfWfVbcbopghA5_20AhabQF5buXUe4rEdbVgWqQFRNXoMPb5uNlmEBwXGptb4OzmtN78NjSrmwx_aioe9USnlhpWOdsC2FzCCCcYYzWaNRzL47sbEfw2Q1ge_In-GPSTCplo6wD0SITjqlvSCODC/s898/Leo%20Zoo%20Leopard'45%20Ph.Costa%20(pinterest).jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="668" data-original-width="898" height="476" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuUzGztk3egYs7gW1hi02rzbBRyBs9REqs_GJ4bfWfVbcbopghA5_20AhabQF5buXUe4rEdbVgWqQFRNXoMPb5uNlmEBwXGptb4OzmtN78NjSrmwx_aioe9USnlhpWOdsC2FzCCCcYYzWaNRzL47sbEfw2Q1ge_In-GPSTCplo6wD0SITjqlvSCODC/w640-h476/Leo%20Zoo%20Leopard'45%20Ph.Costa%20(pinterest).jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A leopard in one of the older cages in 1945 (photo author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9qDDS_IV3MHaAKo9rBta7v6Di3ziHPyRhP5WAKePZPFF4RM4dlWYCVF2X1J-H_xsEMNZLQnmXO6koywwZKvGvnEXS20sISSXiRK70AIXM1Gb3McvAPZjaBbApP4GtxaKvfRIP0JKT_cZsZn66nxvAXTyq2u79s2CjhSzimbSaZ1uWW6nuZ9JG2B--/s1591/Leo%20Zoo%20Elephant%20(delc).jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="992" data-original-width="1591" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9qDDS_IV3MHaAKo9rBta7v6Di3ziHPyRhP5WAKePZPFF4RM4dlWYCVF2X1J-H_xsEMNZLQnmXO6koywwZKvGvnEXS20sISSXiRK70AIXM1Gb3McvAPZjaBbApP4GtxaKvfRIP0JKT_cZsZn66nxvAXTyq2u79s2CjhSzimbSaZ1uWW6nuZ9JG2B--/w640-h400/Leo%20Zoo%20Elephant%20(delc).jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">An elephant chained in its space (photo author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: medium;">I visited the Zoo in April 2017. Management is trying to keep the Zoo going, promoting family visits on Sundays and rides on the horses it inherited from Mobutu’s cavalry detail.
</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEjCCqiezGQs6KM05f7-sN_NPbjDJLZz619E6wHjziOv79v6CyERMzYi6ruMBPtaDmqdA1xm3ipzkC0BQPrQBON32yOpZas2Mne2RSJM64HoBRz14KA22OnXOWSyRvrhSkBTPanSlcElRg9HB2QNonJFakuZLesN3d0UuPjUiO6krs8OkTJS6C9nB4/s4608/Kin%20Zoo'17%20Entr%20(SS01).jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2592" data-original-width="4608" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEjCCqiezGQs6KM05f7-sN_NPbjDJLZz619E6wHjziOv79v6CyERMzYi6ruMBPtaDmqdA1xm3ipzkC0BQPrQBON32yOpZas2Mne2RSJM64HoBRz14KA22OnXOWSyRvrhSkBTPanSlcElRg9HB2QNonJFakuZLesN3d0UuPjUiO6krs8OkTJS6C9nB4/w640-h360/Kin%20Zoo'17%20Entr%20(SS01).jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The entrance to the Zoo (photo author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilRv5Mi-kcqNjedIHF0AjwflqVBCwmztH6xx_BDV5y_nEoiIX5czyF9tXANMq2JheYN0vjsH_i2c74yQ8T0J8G7ss9CaJPFoWLjSFGB7gZi5PexhWdnzOnR7NgWf2pQYvJ0ucUCODq6gKx0hxwSJmKtu-rGcca4BK8DX-y_p_MxK0Rb0QLqa6h8HY5/s4608/Kin%20Zoo'17%20kids%20(SS04).jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2592" data-original-width="4608" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilRv5Mi-kcqNjedIHF0AjwflqVBCwmztH6xx_BDV5y_nEoiIX5czyF9tXANMq2JheYN0vjsH_i2c74yQ8T0J8G7ss9CaJPFoWLjSFGB7gZi5PexhWdnzOnR7NgWf2pQYvJ0ucUCODq6gKx0hxwSJmKtu-rGcca4BK8DX-y_p_MxK0Rb0QLqa6h8HY5/w640-h360/Kin%20Zoo'17%20kids%20(SS04).jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A school group visiting the Zoo (photo author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJNTsLOuVNfuGmmo-ZMCYn1PRRbE50hpFZwdyE2o_h0GKqCueYY5MJLTrk2GW53fXQdVd2UvqPDUsO7HQRYO9GTSYB5K5zww71QLvKHqbiHDLI-7QQoJsVYDBoT0Mig0MHwq0AoCGBO3Fumun83UnS6JqymGjwsj6HXLVd3ZCvrKaFgXzM2ky25bLI/s4608/Kin%20Zoo'17%20horses%20(SS03).jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2592" data-original-width="4608" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJNTsLOuVNfuGmmo-ZMCYn1PRRbE50hpFZwdyE2o_h0GKqCueYY5MJLTrk2GW53fXQdVd2UvqPDUsO7HQRYO9GTSYB5K5zww71QLvKHqbiHDLI-7QQoJsVYDBoT0Mig0MHwq0AoCGBO3Fumun83UnS6JqymGjwsj6HXLVd3ZCvrKaFgXzM2ky25bLI/w640-h360/Kin%20Zoo'17%20horses%20(SS03).jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Horses grazing near the monkey cages (photo author coll.)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZRnEL_wrO0sInrvwGUvf0uUPvVqmia939NAUwE0ISwgKwrKIewrBf3Zme2VoKl-22OXyZ7jal1hBsCzBzeFPCKYXRTRCj0jnhXceENiaFrG98pU_q3jgDwEFzDQbXwc8fabvw38ZY-jrbVpOJ8H-TLd9DaZOkfzLq_IjFNB8pYB7mgYTiu9Ul-Q-K/s4608/Kin%20Zoo'17%20Windmill%20(SS01).jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2592" data-original-width="4608" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZRnEL_wrO0sInrvwGUvf0uUPvVqmia939NAUwE0ISwgKwrKIewrBf3Zme2VoKl-22OXyZ7jal1hBsCzBzeFPCKYXRTRCj0jnhXceENiaFrG98pU_q3jgDwEFzDQbXwc8fabvw38ZY-jrbVpOJ8H-TLd9DaZOkfzLq_IjFNB8pYB7mgYTiu9Ul-Q-K/w640-h360/Kin%20Zoo'17%20Windmill%20(SS01).jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">One of the older animal enclosures at the Kinshasa Zoo (photo author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><br />Mwana Mbokahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01575491982841275224noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3042101873369162734.post-75498646534011438272022-03-27T12:25:00.044+01:002022-03-28T14:07:33.618+01:00Leopoldville 1928 - Chanic founded on Ngaliema Bay<p><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="618" data-original-width="800" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihRx__47o7KH-BT9VQHpEn5G6ZScYWxtoqR32Mz-ZXdeJkvIQYukSQQwlKVVF-S8X9jA8REpWwWq96EAN3QWcEcEdIPNah3sFEIlX0w4Vx0posZR8w66FldULVY_EM-q1oVU-JbUaX02Byp3lK02sx6Nm838bmu1O3SuGJTVN2gEjHEs14RnCNDFuv/w640-h494/Leo%20Chanic'50%20G.Marques%20(Katembo)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Chanic shipyards by <a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2017/05/leopoldville-1927-guilherme-marques_45.html">Guilherme Marques d'Oliveira</a> (Ph: katembo.be)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Among my earliest memories of Kinshasa are the sounds emanating from the Chanic shipyards; the clanging of steel, the staccato of the rivet guns and the calls and swishing of bicycles at the end of the day as workers headed up Ave. de l'Avenir to their homes.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In December 1927, a syndicate of investors representing several Société Générale de Belgique (SGB) companies met in Brussels to plan the establishment of a naval shipyard in Leopoldville. These were later joined by the Crédit Générale du Congo (Bank of Brussels interests) and the Union des Transports Fluviaux (Unatra) a river shipping parastatal in which the colony owned 58% of the shares, though most of the private shares were controlled by SGB (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/10/leopoldville-1931-unatra-obtains.html">Oct. 31, 2011</a></i>). In September the following year, these investors created the Chantier Naval et Industriel du Congo (Chanic) to undertake industrial and metal fabrication work, including naval shipyards, concrete construction and general industrial activities. Unatra ceded its old shipyard at Leopoldville Ouest as its contribution, gaining a majority share of 50%, while the other investors put up the working capital, for a total of 60 million francs.</span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="598" data-original-width="938" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMrzoWrSLMLE48GkTKEF0NybCxG48k1c-T35fRX4cwTKUxpWark8wvE68R9pXiFOLwlna_pyrLIezLMkP7GWj4TZo7d5-TyWL3RBOWrOFd1j9et8l_w6zl63FznwCDhh_BWz-xRVIYus6fOOGllnopk24cSyR1qzQYoRV8-MG-h1nbQOhvylOLV-Uc/w640-h408/Leo%20Chanic%20Mt.Stanley%20crop%20(delcampe)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Chanic installation shortly after taking over from Unatra (Ph. author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMrzoWrSLMLE48GkTKEF0NybCxG48k1c-T35fRX4cwTKUxpWark8wvE68R9pXiFOLwlna_pyrLIezLMkP7GWj4TZo7d5-TyWL3RBOWrOFd1j9et8l_w6zl63FznwCDhh_BWz-xRVIYus6fOOGllnopk24cSyR1qzQYoRV8-MG-h1nbQOhvylOLV-Uc/s938/Leo%20Chanic%20Mt.Stanley%20crop%20(delcampe)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: black;"></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium; text-align: left;">On the face of it, this appears to be a fairly typical colonial corporate transaction of the go-go years prior to the Depression. But it also involved some mutual problem solving between well-placed entities in the private sector and the colonial government. What was so attractive about the site above the rapids on Ngaliema Bay in Leopoldville Ouest? </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">When Henry Stanley returned to the Congo in King Leopold’s employ in 1880, he reached Ngaliema Bay from the coast at the end of 1881 and founded his fourth station on Mount Khonzo Ikulu (now Mont Ngaliema) on December 1st. Two days later he launched a small steamer on Ngaliema Bay, the “En Avant”, which he brought in pre-fabricated sections along the caravan road. A secure mooring area for the steamer was completed February 1882. Stanley’s embryonic fleet was joined by the “AIA” and “Royal” later that year. Protestant missionaries were also setting up their bases at Leopoldville (as formally named by Stanley in April 1882) to support evangelization of the Congo Basin. George Grenfell of the British Baptists (BMS) brought the first 800 loads of the “Peace” in July 1883 (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2017/01/kinshasa-2016-historic-bms-houses.html">Jan. 14, 2017</a></i>) and in November 1884, the Livingstone Inland Mission (LIM) launched the “Henry Reed” (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2016/05/leopoldville-1891-sims-chapel-built.html">May 4, 2016</a></i>). There were now five steamers calling at the Ngaliema port.
</span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgshtWuCGIdxRQzkcDC-EEGLbWspY_4p6qHk6OI-Y6wvUApcwQuEQGqF45zs478VWWjOm3ewbhoxVMo2VLR2lM1iEeMW5FIfBy-LnMIAMePtFPiMqYLrF89ODTEJwvC_2Z2bmanMZ89zEzETSOy0aaZ93Hy9KNrlx2yriHcg3PxxeR_nfqP_0DPZAAf/s802/Leo%20Port%20Leo2'87%20steamers%20(cvelde)%20Crop-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="495" data-original-width="802" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgshtWuCGIdxRQzkcDC-EEGLbWspY_4p6qHk6OI-Y6wvUApcwQuEQGqF45zs478VWWjOm3ewbhoxVMo2VLR2lM1iEeMW5FIfBy-LnMIAMePtFPiMqYLrF89ODTEJwvC_2Z2bmanMZ89zEzETSOy0aaZ93Hy9KNrlx2yriHcg3PxxeR_nfqP_0DPZAAf/w640-h396/Leo%20Port%20Leo2'87%20steamers%20(cvelde)%20Crop-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">L-R, the "En Avant", the "A.I.A", the "Roi des Belges" (Ph. author coll.)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The fleet became known as the Marine du Haut Congo, becoming a department of the colonial administration in 1886. By 1898, when the rail line from Matadi reached the port, the fleet comprised some twenty steamers and transported 10,000 tons of cargo. But the Leopoldville port was constrained by limited frontage along the water and the nearby rapids. By 1910, it was agreed that Kinshasa was a better location for the river port.</span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjImft70Faf95IhMTz__0YJeNu255JSlmqTQEYRoABYmwB4X1ZLN3qbXHhesHnxHfKqE9pvwR2OjadGyuaDkhYbul3mtOZ0Ab70x6FyQTFCE8TwDuPPulxY4vrGTvHeuZWKZtYJ58TTKQICbeAxMDf01uqMfipT8pNT627MNNNrO_Vb6XHJXwPaqJJV/s800/Leo%20Port%20Leo%20(delc08a)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="442" data-original-width="800" height="354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjImft70Faf95IhMTz__0YJeNu255JSlmqTQEYRoABYmwB4X1ZLN3qbXHhesHnxHfKqE9pvwR2OjadGyuaDkhYbul3mtOZ0Ab70x6FyQTFCE8TwDuPPulxY4vrGTvHeuZWKZtYJ58TTKQICbeAxMDf01uqMfipT8pNT627MNNNrO_Vb6XHJXwPaqJJV/w640-h354/Leo%20Port%20Leo%20(delc08a)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The port under the "Marine du Haut Congo" (Ph. author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL-sFPu3yKoOyRgH3jiBocpglkvbCY16q8BQU3eGSX3bDdh3amdbtC3n1ydNCdatJ_LWiUvPNlBG8o18CD254-Y0mFUIX5eB45DQMJqmeTXu2PlhHolut-2YnW83qer47VRcPp-iQWc2Tfy4_C7HHZTiYhqZfnHJPSYSnB7uQXfm4nRa_WAfwT7NdR/s900/Leo%20Port%20Leo2e%20Chanic02%20(delcampe)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="569" data-original-width="900" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL-sFPu3yKoOyRgH3jiBocpglkvbCY16q8BQU3eGSX3bDdh3amdbtC3n1ydNCdatJ_LWiUvPNlBG8o18CD254-Y0mFUIX5eB45DQMJqmeTXu2PlhHolut-2YnW83qer47VRcPp-iQWc2Tfy4_C7HHZTiYhqZfnHJPSYSnB7uQXfm4nRa_WAfwT7NdR/w640-h404/Leo%20Port%20Leo2e%20Chanic02%20(delcampe)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The port as developed by the Marine du Haut Congo (Ph. author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">By 1918 the Marine transported 28,971 tons of cargo, all on ships built in Europe and assembled at the yard. In 1920, seeking to upgrade the shipping operation, the government converted the Marine into the Société National des Transports Fluviaux au Congo (Sonatra), a wholly owned state corporation. But Sonatra faced stiff competition from the Compagnie Industrielle et de Transport au Stanley-Pool (Citas), created in 1907 by the SGB’s principal colonial holding, CCCI and based in Kinshasa, where the new port was being built (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/03/kinshasa-1883s-creation-of-trading_13.html">Mar. 13, 2011</a></i>). Already in 1922, Sonatra relocated its offices to Kinshasa. In 1925 the government merged Sonatra and Citas to create Unatra, with the state as the majority shareholder. Although shipping on the upper river was the main priority for the new entity, the shipyards at Leopoldville Ouest remained under Sonatra management and later Unatra, until 1928 when the facility was transferred to Chanic.</span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCRLemeJzoOPJ1Ly8AyOo0Dk0qrS0bjSgStBA-H9GojtKtQ7mc6OLti7hmvvj6fuRQis08RxI2L3cXQ1GNVIXjFEu5ts2873m1DEUI3b9homIMabh1PwU3USIHhfn3iKrGyUK9Dqwa8VHhzEYxAko8XQOHMlGMh3ujzzCzhCIY5HI0VZ_NiPyBk0m7/s944/Leo%20Port%20Leo%20Unatra%20(delcampe)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="614" data-original-width="944" height="416" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCRLemeJzoOPJ1Ly8AyOo0Dk0qrS0bjSgStBA-H9GojtKtQ7mc6OLti7hmvvj6fuRQis08RxI2L3cXQ1GNVIXjFEu5ts2873m1DEUI3b9homIMabh1PwU3USIHhfn3iKrGyUK9Dqwa8VHhzEYxAko8XQOHMlGMh3ujzzCzhCIY5HI0VZ_NiPyBk0m7/w640-h416/Leo%20Port%20Leo%20Unatra%20(delcampe)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The port as developed by Unatra (Ph. author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium; text-align: left;">The agreement creating Chanic specified that Unatra would undertake routine maintenance of its fleet at its Ndolo yards, upstream from the new port at Kinshasa, but Chanic would assure major repairs and assembly of steamers manufactured in Belgium and shipped to the colony. When Otraco succeeded Unatra in 1936, a modification to the contract with Chanic was reached to allow Otraco to expand its yards at Ndolo, but otherwise maintained the same basic framework whereby major work was done by Chanic.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaBjitAL8asv2xwuscUjabkxFyIB5FLHNhn2lhezjTxrtuvW-h1eo102AjBoHK79S1Cfvbkt6b1rQdTxDPCZJnUBdn9zXVS6c24RwHBqUc0k3gDX3Abz6GezaZbi3mGUvx-8Fta9hsf9G3DCILtF0bKfXutVrjJO3-GFPpCoGCFkXZald-YQPJ3yKO/s1530/Leo%20Chanic'30s%20Ph.Sabena%20(delc)-copy-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="975" data-original-width="1530" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaBjitAL8asv2xwuscUjabkxFyIB5FLHNhn2lhezjTxrtuvW-h1eo102AjBoHK79S1Cfvbkt6b1rQdTxDPCZJnUBdn9zXVS6c24RwHBqUc0k3gDX3Abz6GezaZbi3mGUvx-8Fta9hsf9G3DCILtF0bKfXutVrjJO3-GFPpCoGCFkXZald-YQPJ3yKO/w640-h408/Leo%20Chanic'30s%20Ph.Sabena%20(delc)-copy-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Aerial photo of Chanic in the 1930s by Sabena (Ph. author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: medium; text-align: left;">In June 1929, Chanic obtained a five-year lease with option to buy on a 17-hectare parcel for a naval yard and other industrial operations. The site was on the road to Kinshasa upstream from the original shipyards where the Basoko River drains into Ngaliema Bay. Chanic agreed to compensate Congolese living on the site and cover the costs of relocating a government fuel depot established there. Considering that the original port was nearly fifty years old, the Basoko site would allow Chanic to develop a modern operation. Chanic built an oxygen and acetylene plant on the site and developed slips for assembling steamers and barges.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFUPUKE5_GJIxM4MUA-kkZpx5ph3B0NI16q-KOstrdYFk6XlNKjS8uJDxjAiFO2L12Ax0bp6fYGW2AJklBBIwVIBtNzPI_TWzj_3LXKq9ikTVR4qC6B8iIug32anrXPISA9YSNpOjr683siSpIjo6csFfhoUHGBCoF9Tvle1cFCrPvTDfHwW11fmog/s1796/Leo%20Chanic%20Basoko'54ca%20(SS)-copy-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1293" data-original-width="1796" height="460" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFUPUKE5_GJIxM4MUA-kkZpx5ph3B0NI16q-KOstrdYFk6XlNKjS8uJDxjAiFO2L12Ax0bp6fYGW2AJklBBIwVIBtNzPI_TWzj_3LXKq9ikTVR4qC6B8iIug32anrXPISA9YSNpOjr683siSpIjo6csFfhoUHGBCoF9Tvle1cFCrPvTDfHwW11fmog/w640-h460/Leo%20Chanic%20Basoko'54ca%20(SS)-copy-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Basoko site in 1954 with original shipyards in the distance (Ph. author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: medium; text-align: left;">Chanic also purchased the former British Consulate building next to the American Baptist Mission, located between the shipyards and the Basoko site, as residence for the Director General (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2016/10/leopoldville-1907-british-vice.html">Oct. 22, 2016</a></i>). The original two-story prefabricated building was enclosed behind a screen of windows and doors.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0bOsqlGct_AzOdhXB6lH8PKlz6S0r6-GgPJ0D9-HP_vaUVLdIcH84RkRcdlCVNG5X4GleGlXZhBSoIfaN6HYB99EUyZUfAlGI9p2f1bhE8jAFVYE_ia_4cZJohoDjSl01GltgXBTjz1QNi5jTVkKh9LxD8EzbqL1KdxYMHYHqefmjGG06L1FTvKnf/s900/Leo%20Chanic%20DG%20Res'63%20(roomfordiplomacy)-copy.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="601" data-original-width="900" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0bOsqlGct_AzOdhXB6lH8PKlz6S0r6-GgPJ0D9-HP_vaUVLdIcH84RkRcdlCVNG5X4GleGlXZhBSoIfaN6HYB99EUyZUfAlGI9p2f1bhE8jAFVYE_ia_4cZJohoDjSl01GltgXBTjz1QNi5jTVkKh9LxD8EzbqL1KdxYMHYHqefmjGG06L1FTvKnf/w640-h428/Leo%20Chanic%20DG%20Res'63%20(roomfordiplomacy)-copy.jpeg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Director General's residence in the 1960s (Ph. roomfordiplomcacy.com)</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: medium; text-align: left;">The global Depression hit Congo hard, and Chanic’s primary client, Unatra, saw transport orders for both import and export cargo plummet. Chanic looked for other work consistent with the scope of its industrial vision. The challenge for diversification along these lines was that all departments needed investment to expand their operations.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHfCjiBbCaXeQrBPKNztq68Zlo96d55Dl6pMI6TTBM1qprzH3see_5gd4XAqeXlFchAs17TOXYrcTA3qxVX5PYVyaUgnkxKejXlZ2u4ZQq0Fx3aSMy3a1AyHU8ENKOPWaCB0ZMVUlQg2NE0mDoyIpHxj0UXXCCkInH4jkKN3isZzcjYRuRxfSP2iAW/s1540/Leo%20Foire'3107%20Chanic%20Zag%20(delc05)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="978" data-original-width="1540" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHfCjiBbCaXeQrBPKNztq68Zlo96d55Dl6pMI6TTBM1qprzH3see_5gd4XAqeXlFchAs17TOXYrcTA3qxVX5PYVyaUgnkxKejXlZ2u4ZQq0Fx3aSMy3a1AyHU8ENKOPWaCB0ZMVUlQg2NE0mDoyIpHxj0UXXCCkInH4jkKN3isZzcjYRuRxfSP2iAW/w640-h406/Leo%20Foire'3107%20Chanic%20Zag%20(delc05)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chanic's booth at the July 1931 Commercial Fair in Leopoldville. Aside from the ship’s anchor center, non-nautical products include oxygen bottles (L), bicycles and light fixtures (Ph: author coll.) </td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: medium; text-align: left;">The company did obtain other work, including construction of streets and storm drains in the new administrative district of Kalina (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2012/01/leopoldville-1930-governor-general_17.html">Jan. 17, 2012</a></i>). Chanic also fabricated concrete pavers, which the city began installing in the downtown streets in 1931. Some of these can still be seen on Ave. Kalemie (Ave. Banning) where the asphalt applied later has eroded. Chanic also took over representation of Ford automobiles after the L.H. Gillespie firm went bankrupt in 1930 (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2012/03/leopoldville-1920s-yankee-traders-on.html">Mar. 14, 2012</a></i>). The dealership was located on Ave. Tombeur de Tabora, a block from the Gillespie property.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmsn7EU4-KHkTNcaH8JkM7gCreyCLykcaox2c94kFhNoc4EnYPwKsHa1kAS1roku6MN0nrBXUTTgGVRjpyLI5A4YzPy-CKSpbaNpUzMvVGqh1LhgdilOZeVjne2XVuH-dVw8gVmLGO7-cD87Fb5ITLLcvkf2JdR483YMapld8_S4FnBDK9K1mCJT29/s4128/Kin%20Ave%20Kalemie%20Egret%20(SS02)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3096" data-original-width="4128" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmsn7EU4-KHkTNcaH8JkM7gCreyCLykcaox2c94kFhNoc4EnYPwKsHa1kAS1roku6MN0nrBXUTTgGVRjpyLI5A4YzPy-CKSpbaNpUzMvVGqh1LhgdilOZeVjne2XVuH-dVw8gVmLGO7-cD87Fb5ITLLcvkf2JdR483YMapld8_S4FnBDK9K1mCJT29/w640-h480/Kin%20Ave%20Kalemie%20Egret%20(SS02)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Original Chanic pavers on Ave. Kalemie (Ph. author)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhjepp8GM9otUk2e_LTUekhMcp3-6bhElcZRRVSi3X-D9osxIyk-wDftZMl190t2VgMj8bnfez_VlzWFo0xduU1oZ6OeJB0XPPxvxVIqrPgX9eBYwIMO9Iv1ylaV_rowMSxP4qw33NTdsE9rS626SPs3vt3Ydg-i4VlNFiTc97Ms3Nor7EMRNGiebM/s1260/Leo%20Pierlot'420726%20Chanic%20(NewsBe&CB.420905a)-copy-copy.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="906" data-original-width="1260" height="460" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhjepp8GM9otUk2e_LTUekhMcp3-6bhElcZRRVSi3X-D9osxIyk-wDftZMl190t2VgMj8bnfez_VlzWFo0xduU1oZ6OeJB0XPPxvxVIqrPgX9eBYwIMO9Iv1ylaV_rowMSxP4qw33NTdsE9rS626SPs3vt3Ydg-i4VlNFiTc97Ms3Nor7EMRNGiebM/w640-h460/Leo%20Pierlot'420726%20Chanic%20(NewsBe&CB.420905a)-copy-copy.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Belgian Prime Minister Pierlot passes Chanic Ford on his visit to the colony in 1942 <br />(Ph: News from Belgium, Sept. 5, 1942)</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">A fundamental conflict persisted between Chanic and Unatra, its largest shareholder. Unatra had anticipated that savings on repairs and a revenue stream from part ownership in the venture would accrue, while Chanic expected a dedicated market would fund its operations. On the eve of war, even the colonial government argued Unatra, now Otraco, should buy back the shipyards, signaling a consensus that the arrangement had failed. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">With the outbreak of war in May 1940, Chanic’s Secretary General, Adolphe Ruwet, under prior contingency planning for war time separation of the colony from Belgium, left Bordeaux for the Congo to take over management of the company. The situation in Leopoldville was challenging. The firm had staffed up in anticipation of large contracts for assembling ships and barges for Otraco, but now found its materiel blocked in occupied Belgium. Finding productive employment for its European workforce was problematic, as it was not feasible to terminate their contracts and return them to Belgium.
</span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmfj3JEBC9EDVrGTPgcf5WERoxckTmQ6focT53csIuvmKqmVLiEXVlMCYxkZ3JII6SaiGtb5cx1yMJyJxo0ATgNX_83t8lUqsCrXz4fiTjCsh5JsairFbUtQG0zoBzeFJU5CTinfCMbzt4NRVk-dsNutAjAPX0ghgvXntjr5SgvAKT2GJ0YPfLLcFf/s839/Leo%20Chanic%20boats'40s%20(delc06)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="619" data-original-width="839" height="472" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmfj3JEBC9EDVrGTPgcf5WERoxckTmQ6focT53csIuvmKqmVLiEXVlMCYxkZ3JII6SaiGtb5cx1yMJyJxo0ATgNX_83t8lUqsCrXz4fiTjCsh5JsairFbUtQG0zoBzeFJU5CTinfCMbzt4NRVk-dsNutAjAPX0ghgvXntjr5SgvAKT2GJ0YPfLLcFf/w640-h472/Leo%20Chanic%20boats'40s%20(delc06)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Chanic yards during World War II (Ph. author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium; text-align: left;">Ruwet learned there was a dearth of imported agricultural tools on the market because of the conflict in Europe. The metal fabrication workshop began making shovels, hoes and machetes. The company also proposed to open a canning line for foodstuffs, primarily palm oil. As the workshop’s small furnace was not adequate for this increase in production, Ruwet ordered a large electric furnace from the United states, which came on line in 1942. So as not to impede work at the shipyards, which he was certain would see an uptake in naval orders as the war effort developed, the foundry was installed at the Basoko site, where the oxygen and acetylene plant was located. The crowning achievement of this effort was the launching, in October 1943, of the first 800-ton barge entirely constructed in Congo. By the end of the war, the shipyards had built 18 barges, 36 smaller craft, produced 4000 tons of steel, while also fabricating 681,000 agricultural tools and 580,000 tin cans.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ0jSEtuaaN29SjBh74XsMDsgpfuhBctlQGncgWwEP_LQwzE4nEwkzfDfehAbzKIx8RWrdn5Lm0lgDiRXpSPU0DRlP6MwVyuxDMvMD5Abx6GqSNIwcwkDZ3wqMoj58XoIFmq-0_YKxtYstNBY_IxjTeblQmcH6hCO2jJEwoh7fL3MN-7kW20tgIvdT/s1143/Leo%20Chanic'440103%20Barge%20(NewsBe&BC.440506)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="881" data-original-width="1143" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ0jSEtuaaN29SjBh74XsMDsgpfuhBctlQGncgWwEP_LQwzE4nEwkzfDfehAbzKIx8RWrdn5Lm0lgDiRXpSPU0DRlP6MwVyuxDMvMD5Abx6GqSNIwcwkDZ3wqMoj58XoIFmq-0_YKxtYstNBY_IxjTeblQmcH6hCO2jJEwoh7fL3MN-7kW20tgIvdT/w640-h494/Leo%20Chanic'440103%20Barge%20(NewsBe&BC.440506)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">(Ph. News from Belgium and the Belgian Congo, May 6, 1944)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVoNk7NYlOkwQJjYY07sTa0Y3yAAXKdoNSJL5D3VucPXj524zHJ4blUyU_liQhHVpdD-DZ31qXulOHYi7ORWFdM_nab6sGoqCF4M9Q5sv8UvEwIfkX1V9HuW2MkkIehWR9LPus1okJi_X1vKWIshtAKdlj8fNBT6x3HUKm7WTjqRAjLjbchkZCwEPy/s862/Leo%20Chanic'440103%20bar%20(delc03).jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="587" data-original-width="862" height="436" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVoNk7NYlOkwQJjYY07sTa0Y3yAAXKdoNSJL5D3VucPXj524zHJ4blUyU_liQhHVpdD-DZ31qXulOHYi7ORWFdM_nab6sGoqCF4M9Q5sv8UvEwIfkX1V9HuW2MkkIehWR9LPus1okJi_X1vKWIshtAKdlj8fNBT6x3HUKm7WTjqRAjLjbchkZCwEPy/w640-h436/Leo%20Chanic'440103%20bar%20(delc03).jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The barge is launched (Ph. author coll.)<br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Chanic came out of the war as a significant commercial representative of US industrial equipment, including Hyster forklifts, Laplant Choate scrapers and Athey Truss Wheel trailers. Caterpillar tractors imported by Chanic were used to prepare Ndolo airfield to accommodate U.S. bombers in July 1942 (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2013/04/1925-ndolo-airport-first-flight-from.html">Apr. 27, 2013</a></i>). The firm procured Fruehauf trailers and fitted them with metal bodies to transport workers to the cité. In 1941, Chanic imported three Rearwin Cloudster single-engine aircraft from Wichita, Kansas, which it assembled for local customers. In 1946, Chanic founded the Compagnie General d’Automobiles et d’Aviation Au Congo (CEGEAC). Rearwin Aircraft had gone out of business, but the new company picked up De Havilland and later Sikorski helicopters. Chanic ceded the Chanic Ford property on Ave. Tombeur to the new firm.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_6Oipiyb4ZpPNlW8h87cGDBLGcJ2lpcsMKFfLmjB9YMShj61jZaXE54cvFLj2zZVdnt6nCYQHahYN0PeGHAARY1pjF0zmDqLb7YvziIyql6DXlHXQK1jXV2z4wbTcTjil3cpO9PntL3Uf0ejmlVsA0CoqIC-v0XUKEqvvJXrgk5VERJw9IW3LurGi/s680/Cgo%20cars%20CEGEAC%20(delcampe)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="680" data-original-width="555" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_6Oipiyb4ZpPNlW8h87cGDBLGcJ2lpcsMKFfLmjB9YMShj61jZaXE54cvFLj2zZVdnt6nCYQHahYN0PeGHAARY1pjF0zmDqLb7YvziIyql6DXlHXQK1jXV2z4wbTcTjil3cpO9PntL3Uf0ejmlVsA0CoqIC-v0XUKEqvvJXrgk5VERJw9IW3LurGi/w522-h640/Cgo%20cars%20CEGEAC%20(delcampe)-copy.jpg" width="522" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">An advertisement for CEGEAC (Ph. author coll.)</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium; text-align: left;">The end of the war in Europe allowed Chanic to resume supply chain links with the metropole. In January 1947, the shipyard began assembling a steamer to be named, “<i>Le Katanga</i>”, which would be the largest “courrier” passenger boat on the river. May 1948, Chanic launched the renamed MB “<i>General Olsen</i>” (named for Otraco’s retiring Director) on a test run prior to handover to Otraco. The boat had been ordered in December 1939, but the engines remained in Belgium at the outbreak of war. Originally designed as a steamer, the boat was now equipped two 500 HP diesel engines and radar which cut the time between Leopoldville and Stanleyville to six days instead of ten.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhms5yJ-M7jLBgiI-q_rkp48MvA19iisI4IQBXetkRUnVpojcIEup_sLANVQC5Yw2KalEU2r6i56GFT43LC3TmlFriixSblnv6LecAmObyv_zgGmwfszNG3dy9pHVxm6UQPiSDC43NQdAardeEMYcxXvRFZHXvxjEsaQq1mLI8rHPAkhNOrKR-EXL9W/s1423/SS%20Olsen'48%20(delc)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1068" data-original-width="1423" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhms5yJ-M7jLBgiI-q_rkp48MvA19iisI4IQBXetkRUnVpojcIEup_sLANVQC5Yw2KalEU2r6i56GFT43LC3TmlFriixSblnv6LecAmObyv_zgGmwfszNG3dy9pHVxm6UQPiSDC43NQdAardeEMYcxXvRFZHXvxjEsaQq1mLI8rHPAkhNOrKR-EXL9W/w640-h480/SS%20Olsen'48%20(delc)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">The General Olsen in 1948 (Ph. author coll.)</span></div></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
Like most colonial companies, Chanic was compelled to recognize the contribution of its African workforce to the war effort, in particular those assuming skilled positions previously held by Europeans. The number of Congolese working in “artisan” jobs had nearly doubled, from 61 before the war to 112 in 1945. The company allocated five million francs to creating a social welfare fund for its workers.
</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg06a0vYiTAhLsCjZ6NJRkcEDSpEbjoVPLCUO46Ctu9L2BPb89AG86JnXDkCxjVPumSY-tHfXqaWOOnHt6tfeQJExc94uhs3c9_lwWxzdWSpN0unmXueutW1_vUG-SDUwOkdmShlPyqS48AcXy9w5VyNmztBPL3Sl26bnz3e3gkf1n7G5w1Vl0g6knU/s1498/Leo%20Chanic'50s%20(TPotters.flickr3).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1177" data-original-width="1498" height="502" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg06a0vYiTAhLsCjZ6NJRkcEDSpEbjoVPLCUO46Ctu9L2BPb89AG86JnXDkCxjVPumSY-tHfXqaWOOnHt6tfeQJExc94uhs3c9_lwWxzdWSpN0unmXueutW1_vUG-SDUwOkdmShlPyqS48AcXy9w5VyNmztBPL3Sl26bnz3e3gkf1n7G5w1Vl0g6knU/w640-h502/Leo%20Chanic'50s%20(TPotters.flickr3).jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">A skilled riveter in the Chanic yards 1950s (Ph. flickr.com)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghy0_WuWLQJo1r24174agUQmu-_TpUtGqoTYdLwS_0hOPMfCEGa7B50mLF149SHXWzr1PRQAksr559YGIzaG5SeMNVlDS8iuvcO2wt1H2TWWLcgiP60n7axRln34NG7kQzSf0_Sw8dQMhzYGwOKLr5B7GxtXcmNZG9gtwjktP_A8-uTrPFvu433JxH/s973/Leo%20Chanic%20FC'47%20(delc2)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="606" data-original-width="973" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghy0_WuWLQJo1r24174agUQmu-_TpUtGqoTYdLwS_0hOPMfCEGa7B50mLF149SHXWzr1PRQAksr559YGIzaG5SeMNVlDS8iuvcO2wt1H2TWWLcgiP60n7axRln34NG7kQzSf0_Sw8dQMhzYGwOKLr5B7GxtXcmNZG9gtwjktP_A8-uTrPFvu433JxH/w640-h398/Leo%20Chanic%20FC'47%20(delc2)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">The Chanic Football Club - 1947 (Ph. author coll.)</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">During the 1950s, Chanic expanded its production of river craft in rhythm with the growing post-war economy, in particular Otraco’s capital investment program. A new design of Integrated Tow Boats (ITB) which maximized streamlined units of power boats and barges to increase passenger and cargo carriage on the river. In 1953, Chanic delivered the MB “Moulaert”, which became the “Tshatshi” after Independence. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The Industrial Representation Department, created during the war, responded to demand for industrial machinery. The Caterpillar account in 1955 alone sold 680 dozers and scrapers, 442 engines and 767 other Caterpillar products. The tin can production line was terminated, but Chanic found a new outlet in constructing steel tanks for the industrial sector, including fuel tanks for the cement factory of Cico at Lukala and Petro Congo in Leopoldville. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The number of Congolese employees, which reached 3,700 in 1949, declined to 2,500 following a meccanization program launched in 1951 which resulted in more Congolese filling high-skill professions. From 112 Artisans in 1945, this classification increased to 238 in 1952.
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo-O3heQ6qlsmt3c_LvCtoJbJioDWEoaO5nko9f6PUoq6ceSokGvqvz__g3GSA_gymPj5m1LxCFJmPaZHplvl7eVw7bj5wtJFfzZ5rkXLomAlqDJlmMwcY1rsJluejA0orDcZH2wGHCGTcr6O-LnkCzu2-6RAnbdAnQJInWNPwe8JCvt5GiWgfig5w/s1455/Leo%20Chanic'50s%20(TPotters.flickr6).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1161" data-original-width="1455" height="510" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo-O3heQ6qlsmt3c_LvCtoJbJioDWEoaO5nko9f6PUoq6ceSokGvqvz__g3GSA_gymPj5m1LxCFJmPaZHplvl7eVw7bj5wtJFfzZ5rkXLomAlqDJlmMwcY1rsJluejA0orDcZH2wGHCGTcr6O-LnkCzu2-6RAnbdAnQJInWNPwe8JCvt5GiWgfig5w/w640-h510/Leo%20Chanic'50s%20(TPotters.flickr6).jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Chanic workers at the end of the day (Ph. flickr.com)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFYbj8-9YSpv06p3wIZBII3TQZutr6b2L_TAA4DHvZEUVWcXZztH8iHjYS6N0nljRqjsg5-njGckN3R366njmrnjA9CPWhNjyydC5NEF8_himAkso-b9zqv6g6ADo0cIrKL45Z1kISQSDG1G9d7fxjFJeuwGNYDQpUR5jWTUnzTc5jNH3uriEQefQv/s1469/Leo%20Chanic'50s%20(delc)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1008" data-original-width="1469" height="440" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFYbj8-9YSpv06p3wIZBII3TQZutr6b2L_TAA4DHvZEUVWcXZztH8iHjYS6N0nljRqjsg5-njGckN3R366njmrnjA9CPWhNjyydC5NEF8_himAkso-b9zqv6g6ADo0cIrKL45Z1kISQSDG1G9d7fxjFJeuwGNYDQpUR5jWTUnzTc5jNH3uriEQefQv/w640-h440/Leo%20Chanic'50s%20(delc)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Chanic installations in the 1950s (Ph. author coll.)</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">A new headquarters building at Basoko was completed in 1953, the company’s 25th anniversary. The shipyard and slips at Basoko were closed in 1958, consolidating all ship building and repairs at the original yard.</div></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0HpDmDsRCPt_wWQ6Te24wZt92oeaXlvuW2lN-qp99LtRrth267A96PMraNy-vEy-tHqi4_6Ixix0W91PxIbSW5NXEIvAR1la_a_44NNP3BmVOxjMQIsQYyi9MY06aCrVFLlK3hbOQT29IH5673Y8GLayZVTyD5osmoiHnOSD__9cAO73SF0YrZGVT/s3456/Kin%20Chanimetal'11%20(SS)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2592" data-original-width="3456" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0HpDmDsRCPt_wWQ6Te24wZt92oeaXlvuW2lN-qp99LtRrth267A96PMraNy-vEy-tHqi4_6Ixix0W91PxIbSW5NXEIvAR1la_a_44NNP3BmVOxjMQIsQYyi9MY06aCrVFLlK3hbOQT29IH5673Y8GLayZVTyD5osmoiHnOSD__9cAO73SF0YrZGVT/w640-h480/Kin%20Chanimetal'11%20(SS)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Chanic headquarters on Ave. Mondjiba during the widening of the street in 2011 (Ph. author)</div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="text-align: justify;">On the eve of Independence in June 1960, Chanic transferred its legal entity to Belgium to protect its assets from potential adverse fiscal and tax policies the new country might apply. The following year, Chanic registered two new Congolese companies, Chanimetal (comprising the shipyards and foundry) and Chanico (industrial representation). The economic dislocation that followed the events of Independence had a significant impact on ship building. This was mainly due to problems of its primary client, Otraco. By 1962, the number of ships constructed had declined to 18 from 34, output of the foundry had dropped by half, with similar declines in the oxygen and acetylene units. Consequently, the number of Congolese employees was reduced to 500 and European workers declined to 16. A 1963 mission by the European Economic Commission recommended privatizing Otraco’s naval yard at Ndolo, noting Chanic had appropriate experience. Chanic rented space in the Basoko complex to the United Nations Tunisian and Malay peace-keeping troops and some of its residences along Ave. de l’Avenir to the newly-established American School of Leopoldville, which at that time was located on the American Baptist Mission next to the shipyards (</span><i style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/01/leopoldville-1961-american-school-opens.html">Jan. 13, 2011</a></i><span style="text-align: justify;">).</span></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXNgA4XRnG4CGkxFwPIYPo1wmtiZ-QqEK5SOZ1K6xWxikc9LceyZX6cs9VKClF2t_flWk_Vqr5M20rNL6ML_i8jU3Rnzlzc37FSxiOVlvKg8BrHSD7g4ch635QN5rlAITuZRe92oBGOYK2K-3YZAqD5IXorKlkjQ-dFyjFjB9Q1dKFfJOIwaQkhumA/s730/Leo%20Chanic'61%20(Forman-uwm.edu)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="495" data-original-width="730" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXNgA4XRnG4CGkxFwPIYPo1wmtiZ-QqEK5SOZ1K6xWxikc9LceyZX6cs9VKClF2t_flWk_Vqr5M20rNL6ML_i8jU3Rnzlzc37FSxiOVlvKg8BrHSD7g4ch635QN5rlAITuZRe92oBGOYK2K-3YZAqD5IXorKlkjQ-dFyjFjB9Q1dKFfJOIwaQkhumA/w640-h434/Leo%20Chanic'61%20(Forman-uwm.edu)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chanic shipyards in 1961 (Ph. University of Wisconsin Milwaukee)</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium; text-align: left;">After Mobutu’s coup in 1965, the economy recovered somewhat, and with it, Chanic’s fortunes. Ahead of the Organization of African Unity meetings in September 1967, the shipyards refurbished Otraco’s “General Olsen” as the Presidential “yacht”, renamed the “Kamanyola”, equipped with a helicopter pad on the stern. Chanimetal built 27 ships in 1968, an almost three-fold increase over 1964. In 1972 Chanic launched a new subsidiary, Chanitec, to supply, install and maintain systems in high rise buildings, including Westinghouse air conditioners and elevators.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhycSqZop0kKJMgWNBV9DqEVnTKE3DCHPKotPjZQUi6_zUvsfTS7ibJnBlRjmmoGGWgBz52RIPsnJRFFyrk1Hhus4VWrQxLeydKdFAaelcTHucumQfg10GdynaCzgXLcDQCruTEH47vVQxPSxyUF0zPyorEyxLz3omaxsfgFSSWOTtOxvtwaRrY_t9J/s1024/Kin%20Chanic%20barges%20Ngaliema'67%20(elisofon-siris)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="700" data-original-width="1024" height="438" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhycSqZop0kKJMgWNBV9DqEVnTKE3DCHPKotPjZQUi6_zUvsfTS7ibJnBlRjmmoGGWgBz52RIPsnJRFFyrk1Hhus4VWrQxLeydKdFAaelcTHucumQfg10GdynaCzgXLcDQCruTEH47vVQxPSxyUF0zPyorEyxLz3omaxsfgFSSWOTtOxvtwaRrY_t9J/w640-h438/Kin%20Chanic%20barges%20Ngaliema'67%20(elisofon-siris)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Barges under construction for Otraco - 1967 (Ph. Eliot Elisofon Archives, Smithsonian Institution)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjzpYL6inq1D2RB_7gJ59JkByoo-AxMIg2OeaHzfCdcEaQkmsMLbYS6zQlFzENufgz4kcf_fJr8ePm82fVHmsg8jhK3r4Sy7VHDwVa5HGPWxbO78erDaoeS76AMPs39_Qm0IMT0kB38k-_F_E1Y0b8DaG6ruWLvu-PGoTo6LULcgK8bWf0WK8s3kO4/s612/Kin%20Kamanyola%20(twitter).jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="401" data-original-width="612" height="420" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjzpYL6inq1D2RB_7gJ59JkByoo-AxMIg2OeaHzfCdcEaQkmsMLbYS6zQlFzENufgz4kcf_fJr8ePm82fVHmsg8jhK3r4Sy7VHDwVa5HGPWxbO78erDaoeS76AMPs39_Qm0IMT0kB38k-_F_E1Y0b8DaG6ruWLvu-PGoTo6LULcgK8bWf0WK8s3kO4/w640-h420/Kin%20Kamanyola%20(twitter).jpeg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The "<i>Kamanyola</i>" (Ph. gettyimages, downloaded from twitter)</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The “<i>Zairianisation</i>” of the economy announced in late 1973, made all foreign-owned subject to take over by nationals, in practice Mobutu’s cronies and other well-connected individuals. In 1967, Chanic had restructured its capital to give the Congolese state a 29% share in the company, based on the Unatra holdings which were the property of the colonial government. But this did not exempt it from the ”<i>Zairianisation</i>” measures. An “<i>aquereur</i>” sought to hive of the Westinghouse account, even though they had no experience in air conditioning. A Zairian General Director was named to the Administrative Council. As the economy cratered due to the negative effects of “<i>Zairianization</i>”, the Government “radicalized” the nationalization and reached an agreement with Chanic in May 1976 in which all Chanic subsidiaries in Zaire were folded into Groupe Chanimetal, with the GOZ holding 60% of the shares and 3 of 5 seats on the Conseil. The 1980s did see a reduced, though fairly stable output of 15 ships built per year and 65-75 repaired, mostly linked to investments by Onatra to upgrade its fleet.</span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB9AwBKoWz28cpaBk63EFMrXrBu2q1V2UkSsL-NV90_Y4ef4DRaltn3TDO6hkPJS6KauX4xCSc6XrNXRHyxUf4C8kwGs3xtDnso5dZLkvn_wxlDcThI7jeN0OpeGpARUYXSP-AyyW_ggKU95Wh0BkMyJxX6Jb8gtFBTBs4a5CQy8j0dyWyYCSnVQNb/s985/Kin%20Chanic'70s%20(delcampe)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="689" data-original-width="985" height="448" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB9AwBKoWz28cpaBk63EFMrXrBu2q1V2UkSsL-NV90_Y4ef4DRaltn3TDO6hkPJS6KauX4xCSc6XrNXRHyxUf4C8kwGs3xtDnso5dZLkvn_wxlDcThI7jeN0OpeGpARUYXSP-AyyW_ggKU95Wh0BkMyJxX6Jb8gtFBTBs4a5CQy8j0dyWyYCSnVQNb/w640-h448/Kin%20Chanic'70s%20(delcampe)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chanimetal in the 1970s (Ph. author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgD3zkVZPYNdrg-PH1xuBxOj7g46A45PXLIE7cBDdReGYE6Z-BAw4b5Xg7mA2D7E-Zrx4TrH7BJmR1oAZzodaQxC3AsNWUoQSicXBx-BDAo87TH1ss_5hbw5LIAEanCUMSmR56rnty2O90kcC038InZkssN47fOm7mVDjxXJl9ToaR3sXM7CmDfQeXf/s1024/Kin%20Chanic'74%20(SS)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="758" data-original-width="1024" height="474" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgD3zkVZPYNdrg-PH1xuBxOj7g46A45PXLIE7cBDdReGYE6Z-BAw4b5Xg7mA2D7E-Zrx4TrH7BJmR1oAZzodaQxC3AsNWUoQSicXBx-BDAo87TH1ss_5hbw5LIAEanCUMSmR56rnty2O90kcC038InZkssN47fOm7mVDjxXJl9ToaR3sXM7CmDfQeXf/w640-h474/Kin%20Chanic'74%20(SS)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chanimetal 1974 - newly constructed ships and barges (Ph. Chanimetal in author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The “<i>pillage</i>” of September 1991 dealt a severe blow to the Zairian economy. Although Chanimetal itself was not looted, the impact on its clients had nearly the same effect on the firm’s balance sheet. Orders dropped by 90%, and the company released 1000 of its 1500 employees, claiming “force majeur”. The prospects for improvement did not appear promising in the war that followed Laurent Kabila’s takeover in 1997. In 1999, Groupe Suez, which had taken over SGB, sent a young financial manager with no experience in Congo to liquidate the company. Vincent Bribosia, however, was charmed by the installations along the banks of the Congo River and believed there remained potential in the property and a future in river transport. In 2000, he bought the company. By the time he hosted a visit by King Albert II of Belgium during the 50th Anniversary of Independence celebrations in June 2010, the company was slowly gaining orders.</span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmfXstrO2ldFoyUN80RSFLgWNx6JmC8UUZ5LF4uNrOKIuIDgH-ROe4xhS0EEFwkjnXav00tTb3l2x32I1Al9XA0ezq9m7T3wiWVEdFqwpxqIhcqrocHJcuCERuCi-4cKO0tJh_rftoKSWoZTr42hMLnCdRwsKqmY1r0v2x_swubeejrIeUuhk2hEyY/s2414/Kin%20Chanimetal'10%20King%20Albert%20().png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1614" data-original-width="2414" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmfXstrO2ldFoyUN80RSFLgWNx6JmC8UUZ5LF4uNrOKIuIDgH-ROe4xhS0EEFwkjnXav00tTb3l2x32I1Al9XA0ezq9m7T3wiWVEdFqwpxqIhcqrocHJcuCERuCi-4cKO0tJh_rftoKSWoZTr42hMLnCdRwsKqmY1r0v2x_swubeejrIeUuhk2hEyY/w640-h428/Kin%20Chanimetal'10%20King%20Albert%20().png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">King Albert (white cap) visits the Chanimetal yards, June 2010 (Ph. chanic.com)</td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfJiW3W8Fj-A1xm41nBiNEvcvHfc7iJNDz5vSeFB-Zgzy6I8W-A8P53VVagbi8vkccELpmpV8oi0MXWBxvcag0Bx45OFOO0oyVnsLgmHUZaQwJSryPVCtRtS8itekh23sap-CGeK0V15YZPM_4Ma_WItmTEZKaEkQHKviIoKdO8Nt95O17UyG2OyIZ/s3456/Kin%20Chanic'11%20(SS02)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2592" data-original-width="3456" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfJiW3W8Fj-A1xm41nBiNEvcvHfc7iJNDz5vSeFB-Zgzy6I8W-A8P53VVagbi8vkccELpmpV8oi0MXWBxvcag0Bx45OFOO0oyVnsLgmHUZaQwJSryPVCtRtS8itekh23sap-CGeK0V15YZPM_4Ma_WItmTEZKaEkQHKviIoKdO8Nt95O17UyG2OyIZ/w640-h480/Kin%20Chanic'11%20(SS02)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chanimetal in 2011 (Ph. author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: medium;">In 2013, government signed a contract to rehabilitate the Otraco towboat “<i>MB Gungu</i>”, first built by Chanimetal in 1976 and out of commission since 2001 and its service during the war with Rwanda and Uganda. Other orders were received from SEP Congo for towboats and barges to carry fuel upriver and with Majestic River to rehabilitate two of its river boats as cruise ships.</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqAlXY9GmYaADWcOvs18RK3k6VSVvKnszCga7uufVzMTwSUggEj7E8W1htQKliPozosHSx8BjuIfX0zoEg1jVsGDQNGdii5QV38vdPiirFhUZvZeQb5gvGgT07g6shSshPEhUSRD6ISNtEJSMCRq5Cla-I46VAIaCz8j6Z9mDGSsgTJ46J8Fu8UEoO/s1786/Kin%20Chanic'20%20(chanic01)-copy.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1004" data-original-width="1786" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqAlXY9GmYaADWcOvs18RK3k6VSVvKnszCga7uufVzMTwSUggEj7E8W1htQKliPozosHSx8BjuIfX0zoEg1jVsGDQNGdii5QV38vdPiirFhUZvZeQb5gvGgT07g6shSshPEhUSRD6ISNtEJSMCRq5Cla-I46VAIaCz8j6Z9mDGSsgTJ46J8Fu8UEoO/w640-h360/Kin%20Chanic'20%20(chanic01)-copy.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A worker in the Chanimetal yards - 2020 (Ph. chanic.com)</td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg00Li9WnCtuI5Sm537-7tGSu8vMNIKfT-wumYBiI03c0msVCN9KC9yFX2z-valSkwai46VMSC7BraHIubLrj4RpiCH8AHvuPuglHvtUEthajnQNKviyI_TFSKYnzLGwVMX0ovyaS6aKZqOKxAZdfbD55lKKePdDcY6lhqhLoAQhTaL-Itas-TtyywI/s1000/Kin%20Chanic'20%20(chanic06)-copy.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="668" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg00Li9WnCtuI5Sm537-7tGSu8vMNIKfT-wumYBiI03c0msVCN9KC9yFX2z-valSkwai46VMSC7BraHIubLrj4RpiCH8AHvuPuglHvtUEthajnQNKviyI_TFSKYnzLGwVMX0ovyaS6aKZqOKxAZdfbD55lKKePdDcY6lhqhLoAQhTaL-Itas-TtyywI/w429-h640/Kin%20Chanic'20%20(chanic06)-copy.png" width="429" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chanimetal yards - 2020 (Ph. chanic.com)</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: medium;">An item of curiosity for Kinois was the fate and whereabouts of Chanimetal’s emblematic elephant which stood outside its vacated headquarters building at the Basoko site on Ave. Mondjiba and disappeared after completion of the reconstruction of Ave. Mondjiba in the 2010s. Mwana Mboka located it on the grounds of the Director General’s residence on Ave. de l’Avenir in October 2016.</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTYIlRaEKfuEzOJlGVqrwN9Dp3Jh5tgCb5F7Mrtt0kED8y1srmKKx8yGD8tTTOiyjCNgWyNJdKvtFAsSq6XVL2UWKIu5s3p0A4XNqkxeR3C-JkXKORGBy2GbhlwqmMmUyRk1oQbUvYh_IKru0LzG7g0-vzmlMJvJuKcOF96EvPmYt17u8jZhHs9WXp/s3456/Kin%20Chanic%20DG'16%20(SS01)-copy.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="3456" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTYIlRaEKfuEzOJlGVqrwN9Dp3Jh5tgCb5F7Mrtt0kED8y1srmKKx8yGD8tTTOiyjCNgWyNJdKvtFAsSq6XVL2UWKIu5s3p0A4XNqkxeR3C-JkXKORGBy2GbhlwqmMmUyRk1oQbUvYh_IKru0LzG7g0-vzmlMJvJuKcOF96EvPmYt17u8jZhHs9WXp/w640-h640/Kin%20Chanic%20DG'16%20(SS01)-copy.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">(Ph. author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN0JL3P1PN0mgpr_AGE_-7zxndMV_diupZt5vFvE9pGc8OkFojxqvFXBLepUrDH1f1chCupyP-b1v10cyg3AtXEgecyxguxAd4446atggOcU9RTQwLHDl1K3lVFszpgtM4gHpf90h3e0TG6dm7KMo4BUIDVwTb-ikO6P6QdxWdi1xPzIg1BNQiX-HI/s3456/Kin%20Chanic%20DG'16%20(SS10)-copy.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="3456" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN0JL3P1PN0mgpr_AGE_-7zxndMV_diupZt5vFvE9pGc8OkFojxqvFXBLepUrDH1f1chCupyP-b1v10cyg3AtXEgecyxguxAd4446atggOcU9RTQwLHDl1K3lVFszpgtM4gHpf90h3e0TG6dm7KMo4BUIDVwTb-ikO6P6QdxWdi1xPzIg1BNQiX-HI/w640-h640/Kin%20Chanic%20DG'16%20(SS10)-copy.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">(Ph. author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><u>
Sources</u>: <div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><u>Revue Coloniale Belge,</u> Brussels, 1945-59. (multiple years) </li><li>Stalins, Louis, 2020. <u>Le Chantier Naval et Industriel du Congo. Étude de la société Chanic en tant qu’acteur et témoins de l’histoire du capitalisme belge au Congo</u>, Mémoire, U. C. Louvain. </li><li>VanderLinden, Jacques, 1983. “Une Société Coloniale et un Enfant d’Afrique Face a la Guerre”, in <u>Le Congo Belge Durant la Seconde Guerre Mondiale, Recueil d’études</u>, Academie Royale des Sciences d’Outremer. </li><li>VanderLinden, R. 1953. <u>Le Chantier Naval de Léopoldville</u>, Institut Royal Colonial Belge. </li><li>“Vincent au Congo”, <u>La Libre Belgique</u>, Sep. 9, 2010.
</li></ul></div>Mwana Mbokahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01575491982841275224noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3042101873369162734.post-33269693158234926202021-10-04T20:52:00.001+01:002021-10-04T21:42:24.293+01:00Leopoldville 1942 – Guilherme Marques helps launch Academie des Beaux-Arts<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">A few years ago, I posted a piece about Guilherme d’Oliveira Marques, known as the “Painter of the Congo” (</span><i style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2017/05/leopoldville-1927-guilherme-marques_45.html">May 17, 2017</a></i><span style="font-size: large;">). It was prompted by a serendipitous find of an old photo of his house. Today, in a similar vein, while researching another topic, I learned about his role in helping start what is now the Académie des Beaux-Arts in Kinshasa.</span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAZU67MG07ttxHcR6bfi14tDF8yWj5BY5VmV3iB0SNyXd0qQG8MjGsLFMGka2Ox1SDad_h2tlddS9k-4JwGiB94M-LeE6PIHCbuaSr6PKybbhh8M-0S0XhgaYQD0TO6r6XpAIOSpvVMl0/s2048/Kin+Beaux+Arts%252706+ceramics01+%2528SS%2529-copy.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAZU67MG07ttxHcR6bfi14tDF8yWj5BY5VmV3iB0SNyXd0qQG8MjGsLFMGka2Ox1SDad_h2tlddS9k-4JwGiB94M-LeE6PIHCbuaSr6PKybbhh8M-0S0XhgaYQD0TO6r6XpAIOSpvVMl0/w640-h480/Kin+Beaux+Arts%252706+ceramics01+%2528SS%2529-copy.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">One of the ateliers at the Academie des Beaux-Arts in Kinshasa (author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">In 1942, Brother Marc Wallenda of the Frères des Ecoles Chrétiennes at Gombe Matadi mission near contemporary Mbanza Ngungu in Congo Central Province, had finally realized his dream of starting an art school at the mission. Previous construction starts had been re-prioritized for uses deemed more important by the mission’s hierarchy. Now the walls were up, but lack of funds meant the roof would have to be thatch rather than galvanized metal, the norm at Catholic missions at the time. On a visit to Leopoldville, Brother Marc met Marques and the latter proposed they organize an exhibition of his paintings as a fund raiser, to which Marques donated over 60 pieces. The event was held in the new hall at College Albert (</span><i style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2012/01/leopoldville-1930-governor-general_17.html">Jan. 17, 2012</a></i><span style="font-size: large;">) on a Sunday morning and by 4:30 pm, all the paintings were sold out. Brother Wallenda had his new roof.</span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6qYVLHARaZjjwh2_alzWKqByA_rijtdsIhld0JNcePwUzqW9DWaPkiVtpPV2j7upkiEmlUsyG8m4MrV3EJKwkUpzhFI1vXfpFoI2fs7CQ73Ja7FZfv9DOzOvnQo-7udtbQWBbK0v50P0/s1353/Gombe+Matadi+Frs+Chretiens+Schl02+%2528SS%2529-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="867" data-original-width="1353" height="410" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6qYVLHARaZjjwh2_alzWKqByA_rijtdsIhld0JNcePwUzqW9DWaPkiVtpPV2j7upkiEmlUsyG8m4MrV3EJKwkUpzhFI1vXfpFoI2fs7CQ73Ja7FZfv9DOzOvnQo-7udtbQWBbK0v50P0/w640-h410/Gombe+Matadi+Frs+Chretiens+Schl02+%2528SS%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gombe Matadi in the 1940s (author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyMcWgvSl9giIGGdgtXMhwTi1l3wC_gSyFQR6BfjJRdd4i240DgNkhxiQyvIu16H_R4DwjVxmHY9Uy4Fa-6qRqaPV9RPX_D5UVrGujapGtln670x6XOAncMpsOwIUtI8fQbhoLwQV6Qu8/s641/Leo+College+Albert+Cult+Ctr+%2528delcampe%2529+crop-copy.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="641" data-original-width="495" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyMcWgvSl9giIGGdgtXMhwTi1l3wC_gSyFQR6BfjJRdd4i240DgNkhxiQyvIu16H_R4DwjVxmHY9Uy4Fa-6qRqaPV9RPX_D5UVrGujapGtln670x6XOAncMpsOwIUtI8fQbhoLwQV6Qu8/w494-h640/Leo+College+Albert+Cult+Ctr+%2528delcampe%2529+crop-copy.JPG" width="494" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Centre Culturel at College Albert, now College Boboto (author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitnC9pmzulmtP1BaUWTTpJjCDAMQl5DpaJRoLmWUwWF8_YDvbL-sW6lt4hx6Qvdx2UmO52rshR1o7ltAaw71KiHXHVCSzBXExWaqSCwQHDl3nHy32R5eM8xPMtVNJaTo2oWwwTolt-pI4/s1228/Leo+Marche+Coupole%252743+Marques+%2528invaluable2%2529+copy.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1228" data-original-width="1000" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitnC9pmzulmtP1BaUWTTpJjCDAMQl5DpaJRoLmWUwWF8_YDvbL-sW6lt4hx6Qvdx2UmO52rshR1o7ltAaw71KiHXHVCSzBXExWaqSCwQHDl3nHy32R5eM8xPMtVNJaTo2oWwwTolt-pI4/w522-h640/Leo+Marche+Coupole%252743+Marques+%2528invaluable2%2529+copy.png" width="522" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Marques painting of the old city market ca. 1943 (author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The new school was inaugurated at Gombe Matadi August 15, 1943. The following month, the first students, Andre Lufwa Mawidi and Jacob Wineguane, were admitted. From the outset, Brother Wallenda discouraged reproduction of traditional sculpture, but encouraged the young artists to develop their own styles. Two years later, he took some of his own paintings to Leopoldville for another fund raiser, and like the event with Marques, the paintings sold out, enabling the purchase of proper tools, instruments and materials. Another exhibition in 1946 added funds for the young institution. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">It was becoming clear to Wallenda that a growing art school would be better placed in Leopoldville than in rural Bas-Congo. In 1949, the Colonial Minister granted 10 hectares on Ave. Josephine Charlotte (Ave. de la Liberation) for the school. Brother Marc had to switch to his fund-raiser and builder mode again. Two years later, the first buildings were completed and the school was accredited as the “Ecole officielle des Beaux-Arts Saint-Luc”, a reference to Wallenda’s alma mater in Liege. A painting program was added to the sculpture section in 1950, pottery in 1953 and architectural design in 1958. Andre Lufwa became the first Congolese member of the teaching staff.
</span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBZVW6YCcWxraTnLjyYIY5KNI3QJMZsHjAeeVK95X8o9r2kDtJjxTtbZw4s83F-U57Y_Su6jxUFz1pVbZgHm3cEZn5AepvVQ0U3sH1Yn4fd_uVT_brILpssd9ys8zZhnhYc2jpXfoHsBA/s840/Lufwa+Mawidi+%2526+Wallenda+%2528eventsrdc%2529+copy.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="840" data-original-width="840" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBZVW6YCcWxraTnLjyYIY5KNI3QJMZsHjAeeVK95X8o9r2kDtJjxTtbZw4s83F-U57Y_Su6jxUFz1pVbZgHm3cEZn5AepvVQ0U3sH1Yn4fd_uVT_brILpssd9ys8zZhnhYc2jpXfoHsBA/w640-h640/Lufwa+Mawidi+%2526+Wallenda+%2528eventsrdc%2529+copy.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Brother Wallenda and Andre Lufwa (eventsrdc.com)</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Lufwa produced the “Batteur du Tam-Tam”, a white cement sculpture placed at the entrance of the first Foire International de Kinshasa (FIKIN) in 1969 (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2015/03/kinshasa-1969-fikin-puts-congo-on-new.html">Mar. 20, 2015</a></i>). Other works include the imitation stone Leopards at the entrance to the Presidential Gardens on Mont Ngaliema, and “Voyageur” on the grounds of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Lufwa never received any royalties for his work. He continued to work with his son, Bernard, also a sculptor, at their atelier in Commune Ngaliema.</div></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjau1Jom9b1LtLbmT6emlrS9gT4LQ3LZXlivk089SM1ho-5bJBwtpkFyC6RmkFImvzBCn7ptfImpWiy84Eyq2v8r8ISSTEbIa_L4C18dbmNoUozi28D6Ck3bzIetmXPCiuU-g-zTVeGjPc/s2048/Kin+Fikin+TamTam%252717+%2528SS03%2529-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1152" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjau1Jom9b1LtLbmT6emlrS9gT4LQ3LZXlivk089SM1ho-5bJBwtpkFyC6RmkFImvzBCn7ptfImpWiy84Eyq2v8r8ISSTEbIa_L4C18dbmNoUozi28D6Ck3bzIetmXPCiuU-g-zTVeGjPc/w360-h640/Kin+Fikin+TamTam%252717+%2528SS03%2529-copy.jpg" width="360" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Batteur du Tam-Tam - 2017 (author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjCEakYkrVEcPednz0QRELY6G6GDWxbdr9f3oMWCovyxeXbJ5zC0N5gKueWKON8aNU7U1rvTzDM4MoRwC39IoxwDWwV_g49hzoCTcJH9rWNOeFrzN_LAeaBsk6_QpVxg0lclDNzZlFbGA/s1990/Kin+Mt.Ngaliema+Guards%252773+%2528MJS%2529-copy.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1680" data-original-width="1990" height="540" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjCEakYkrVEcPednz0QRELY6G6GDWxbdr9f3oMWCovyxeXbJ5zC0N5gKueWKON8aNU7U1rvTzDM4MoRwC39IoxwDWwV_g49hzoCTcJH9rWNOeFrzN_LAeaBsk6_QpVxg0lclDNzZlFbGA/w640-h540/Kin+Mt.Ngaliema+Guards%252773+%2528MJS%2529-copy.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lufwa's Leopards at the Presidential Gardens - 1973 (author coll.)<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Even though he was a member of the intellectual property body SOCODA, founded in 2011, Lufwa was thwarted in his pursuit of compensation for his work, by his estimation over one million US dollars. In 2019, Lufwa, now 94, appealed to the new President Felix Tshisekedi to establish his royalty rights. In early January 2020, hospitalized at Clinique Ngaliema, a journalist noted with irony that the Ministry of Foreign Commerce was investing $1.3 million to rehabilitate the FIKIN complex. Lufwa died January 13, 2020. At the end of February, the Academie des Beaux-Arts memorialized the artist in a ceremony on the campus and a bust of the artist was placed outside the sculpture building.</span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikutVbfooU-VMrNT7ohixH_3KZt8vrq76Vsb6jIuD0Vr7TgGqUpYIuKQmU32ynswOizvUhuBO6Lm_-0bqsAK-miDwluLh0vlDcKK7h2ywCeFVGvAEhsR5JZgBDWyXO4aSMp19ELn9b2ic/s660/Lufwa+%2526+Tamtam+%2528prosperite%2529.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="660" data-original-width="470" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikutVbfooU-VMrNT7ohixH_3KZt8vrq76Vsb6jIuD0Vr7TgGqUpYIuKQmU32ynswOizvUhuBO6Lm_-0bqsAK-miDwluLh0vlDcKK7h2ywCeFVGvAEhsR5JZgBDWyXO4aSMp19ELn9b2ic/w456-h640/Lufwa+%2526+Tamtam+%2528prosperite%2529.png" width="456" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Andre Lufwa and Tam-Tam model (La Prosperite)</td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd9Q1d7AjwFM-ME64AfltWd-j1czbXYqiazUfL8ogtheFq4PcCGu3JF_WEB6L_aYT4wvQoXQVAmqt0JX5tKATfDsiKq8a_ZcTn8C3u-mrllE_0Nt6vDcW0ewfcKKB_cRyyqB73v0_VGDQ/s1068/Kin+Beaux+Arts%2527200305+Lufwa+%2528congocreation1%2529+copy.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="712" data-original-width="1068" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd9Q1d7AjwFM-ME64AfltWd-j1czbXYqiazUfL8ogtheFq4PcCGu3JF_WEB6L_aYT4wvQoXQVAmqt0JX5tKATfDsiKq8a_ZcTn8C3u-mrllE_0Nt6vDcW0ewfcKKB_cRyyqB73v0_VGDQ/w640-h426/Kin+Beaux+Arts%2527200305+Lufwa+%2528congocreation1%2529+copy.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Memorial service for Prof. Lufwa, Academie des Beaux-Arts (congocreation.com)</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipxEBevM1gvWwhPSNmluhpMV9c5mh_P7Z5aaEgvocGnLxNltfd5DWnaZuwGmIu68hMisY4cTBJX1VtjuI_DKhGSw2mlURYM6zbzEOfI5DUOqGvPUC-UQ9wdoLPx9lZ5iZbbntdYrgzkts/s2048/Kin+BeauxArts%252716+FrLuc+%2528SS1%2529-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1152" data-original-width="2048" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipxEBevM1gvWwhPSNmluhpMV9c5mh_P7Z5aaEgvocGnLxNltfd5DWnaZuwGmIu68hMisY4cTBJX1VtjuI_DKhGSw2mlURYM6zbzEOfI5DUOqGvPUC-UQ9wdoLPx9lZ5iZbbntdYrgzkts/w640-h360/Kin+BeauxArts%252716+FrLuc+%2528SS1%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bust of Brother Wallenda, Academie des Beaux-Arts (author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><u>
Sources</u>: <div style="text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Biographie Belge d’Outre-Mer, 2015. « Wallenda (Victor Arnold) dit Frere Marc-Stanislas”. </li><li>Eventsrdc.com, May 12, 2019. https://www.eventsrdc.com/le-cri-de-detresse-dandre-lufwa-a-fatshi-je-demande-au-president-de-simpliquer-personnellement-afin-que-je-percoive-mes-droits/ </li><li>La Prosperite, Jan. 9, 2020. “Concepteur du batteur de tam-tam de la FIKIN : L’artiste André Lufwa entre la vie et la mort ! «</li></ul></div>Mwana Mbokahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01575491982841275224noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3042101873369162734.post-50284990548580066952021-05-30T18:53:00.012+01:002022-11-12T16:08:13.152+01:00Leopoldville 1929 – Funa Club Founded<div style="text-align: justify;">I learned to swim at the Mampeza Pool in Leopoldville Ouest, as Commune de Ngaliema was known in the mid-1950s. The pool was built in the valley of the Mampeza river opposite Camp Reisdorf (now Camp Loano), the Force Publique Logistics base. Five or six years old, I stood at the end of the low board, looking down at the black water (the pool was a concrete tank without tiles) as my father patiently treaded water below and urged me to jump in. I finally took the plunge and began a splashy dog paddle as Dad stayed at my side.</div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9vDsE5C7POTa6WncEpq0DpOJO_XTMf47cSyzdGMeCB1xZE_ZLw85rZTJHvzHv2D12Of5ARNtEBUfzrW2dX2nsCja3CDMRZ-p-1Nt2mCzlYiefZ-HYg7nStDUrjiflpvhDMGZ6lk1lQKU/s0/Leo+Mampeza%252755+%2528Breddin-SI%2529-copy.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1320" data-original-width="1332" height="634" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9vDsE5C7POTa6WncEpq0DpOJO_XTMf47cSyzdGMeCB1xZE_ZLw85rZTJHvzHv2D12Of5ARNtEBUfzrW2dX2nsCja3CDMRZ-p-1Nt2mCzlYiefZ-HYg7nStDUrjiflpvhDMGZ6lk1lQKU/w640-h634/Leo+Mampeza%252755+%2528Breddin-SI%2529-copy.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Mampeza swimming pool 1950s (Smithsonian Institution)</td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4f05lbQ73HLMWRfzyr7zyChwzje_r3GkCwivGFkgCDpKbKi-ygumjFocj4r01Lcg8VIvQEEIJiuBMfuym9nfwxnqJoQ2YMcNy3CzPYaWHic3dpnu4ULOkKjnXBXpjrqVanjqhYBUsYc0/s614/Leo+Camp+Reisdorf+%2526+Mampeza+%2528gobillon-ceges%2529-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="446" data-original-width="614" height="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4f05lbQ73HLMWRfzyr7zyChwzje_r3GkCwivGFkgCDpKbKi-ygumjFocj4r01Lcg8VIvQEEIJiuBMfuym9nfwxnqJoQ2YMcNy3CzPYaWHic3dpnu4ULOkKjnXBXpjrqVanjqhYBUsYc0/w640-h464/Leo+Camp+Reisdorf+%2526+Mampeza+%2528gobillon-ceges%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Mampeza pool on right (cegesoma.be)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">I have not yet been able to confirm the origins of the Mampeza pool. It might have been built by the Provincial Government, which installed a small pump on the river in 1920 to provide water for Old Leopoldville, or else the Chanic shipyards, which took over the original river port at the mouth of the Mampeza in 1928. In July 1932, Club de la Mampeza organized a swimming match as part of the joint Belgian and French National Day observances.</div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCmuww1Gfid_u5BE5g1NFlHS5Sf-gSYJ-WLIaUeZKfsteLmLH4oNspoguxqe_AhfoMKD1wLiOyhVYiN0boESM-puoathV5ZAYbx8Myy26NasaOq4-FkCzbdx6uzWHgQF5vQgVNxjfLJgk/s1472/Leo+Mampeza%252740s+%2528delc1%2529-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="999" data-original-width="1472" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCmuww1Gfid_u5BE5g1NFlHS5Sf-gSYJ-WLIaUeZKfsteLmLH4oNspoguxqe_AhfoMKD1wLiOyhVYiN0boESM-puoathV5ZAYbx8Myy26NasaOq4-FkCzbdx6uzWHgQF5vQgVNxjfLJgk/w640-h434/Leo+Mampeza%252740s+%2528delc1%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A party at the Mampeza (author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">There was another swimming pool 15 kilometers across town on the Funa River at the south side of Ndolo Airport (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2013/04/1925-ndolo-airport-first-flight-from.html">Apr. 27, 2013</a></i>). As early as 1923, a local entrepreneur opened a bar on a bend of the river with a sandy bottom he called Funa Park, a nod to Coney Island’s “Luna Park”. In 1929, four Belgian residents decided to improve upon the swimming hole by damming the stream, first with sand bags, and later concrete. </div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMPen3mtmZ_n9TdhQGBNLJMJ2PU_uWwU8dccW63kpO9Mq3sLJyvr7T9xhaUFChzSN6ziTeJa_gOBtptbZqwILUTR9zkGMoDfHB3Fp81iIEE41rBa7vvk8kuNSyFvOyg0j92NJvoRE1TLRdYgvmZ-hNc3odyvffZgF98RHaH2A6xmj6PLVFp9IZxU4V/s1439/Leo%20Funa%20River'31%20(ebay)-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="915" data-original-width="1439" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMPen3mtmZ_n9TdhQGBNLJMJ2PU_uWwU8dccW63kpO9Mq3sLJyvr7T9xhaUFChzSN6ziTeJa_gOBtptbZqwILUTR9zkGMoDfHB3Fp81iIEE41rBa7vvk8kuNSyFvOyg0j92NJvoRE1TLRdYgvmZ-hNc3odyvffZgF98RHaH2A6xmj6PLVFp9IZxU4V/w640-h406/Leo%20Funa%20River'31%20(ebay)-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Funa River around 1931 (author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;">In 1931, the Funa Club was founded. The Club organized a fair in April 1934, serenaded by the New Best Fellows orchestra. The following month, Mampeza organized a match with the Funa swim team and invited the Caimans from Brazzaville to join. The new Governor General, Pierre Ryckmans, an avid swimmer, preferred the Mampeza, but accepted the Honorary Presidency of the Funa Club for protocol reasons. There were rumors in 1935 that a new municipal pool would be built near the Diables Rouge football pitch (in the vicinity of contemporary Notre Dame de Fatima Church), as both Mampeza and Funa pools were considered far from the colonial administrative district of Kalina and were also restricted to members. Nothing further came of this initiative.</div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnlnE60mnSTG57uSxF3iJLsJwufUS2quSOTVYBTONbd9faIsyzjXS59ryQs0nzI1HGPbk9evxx4aYTiO4blYTCzJAfr8pm8MSROISevY858RaTRXkMVBer9AJHitc6pIo7ioEzX5BQoHw/s1625/Leo+Funa%2527331121+%2528delc1%2529-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1021" data-original-width="1625" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnlnE60mnSTG57uSxF3iJLsJwufUS2quSOTVYBTONbd9faIsyzjXS59ryQs0nzI1HGPbk9evxx4aYTiO4blYTCzJAfr8pm8MSROISevY858RaTRXkMVBer9AJHitc6pIo7ioEzX5BQoHw/w640-h402/Leo+Funa%2527331121+%2528delc1%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Funa Club in 1933 (author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">These two pools were restricted to membership by the White community. Access to swimming opportunity for Congolese was a priority for the Catholic missionaries and in May 1934, Father Raphael de la Kethulle (Tata Rafael) of the Scheut mission obtained use of a hectare along the Funa river downstream from the Funa Club to create a swimming pool for the students of St. Pierre school and others of the cité.
Throughout the 1930s, both Mampeza and Funa swim clubs hosted matches with each other and responded to invitations from the Caimans across the river. Mampeza completed a major makeover in August 1936, expanding to a 10 x 45 metre pool, with two boards, a water filtration system and a generator to provide electricity. In a major event in November 1936, Mampeza hosted an evening gala. Colectric provided lights, the Ciné Palace set up the sound, the Force Publique band entertained the participants, topped off with a fashion show parade. The Caimans lost a water polo match to Mampeza 5 to 2. Vice Governor Ermens, District Commissioner Morel and Papal Nuncio Reggio attended.</div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAikE6ib8qGxmVMFpYGbjNopyt3WDjpxSkbGIx8unY_4lD6fM3Z3E2UvzBR38grSDOJ7hG3U8hdpAT4NmU3Q1smRi2ChvNCDfu2gqgrBhJV8DoLNyjLZFAz8hSMf5yiUJgy4cv0yxZIsc/s913/Leo+Mampeza%252740s+%2528delc4a%2529-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="655" data-original-width="913" height="460" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAikE6ib8qGxmVMFpYGbjNopyt3WDjpxSkbGIx8unY_4lD6fM3Z3E2UvzBR38grSDOJ7hG3U8hdpAT4NmU3Q1smRi2ChvNCDfu2gqgrBhJV8DoLNyjLZFAz8hSMf5yiUJgy4cv0yxZIsc/w640-h460/Leo+Mampeza%252740s+%2528delc4a%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Mampeza in the 1940s (author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
On the eve of World War II, Tata Raphael, who completed Reine Astrid Stadium in 1937, began thinking about developing a major sports complex for Congolese residents of the city. Plans were drawn up in 1941 by Public Works architect E. Popijn, who designed College Albert (cite) and the Medical Assistants School (<i><a href="On the eve of World War II, Tata Raphael, who completed Reine Astrid Stadium in 1937, began thinking about developing a major sports complex for Congolese residents of the city. Plans were drawn up in 1941 by Public Works architect E. Popijn, who designed College Albert (cite) and the Medical Assistants School (Feb. 27, 2020). ">Feb. 27, 2020</a></i>). <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaGPB6sAp77a9fAciKs6sE48Ls2BXc43DnSrSHG_wW3G_cwuJiiYYaqwuCztptt4GLnwUBQIQ2s70xbSwqhDyNbYaaZJcE3UkZggbmK-Qx7E0UZ8lDb0KDOWhuHl5zWQO_MgfKB5aCVDY/s800/Leo+Parc+Sports+Ermens+Plans+%2528wikinshasa%2529-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="778" data-original-width="800" height="622" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaGPB6sAp77a9fAciKs6sE48Ls2BXc43DnSrSHG_wW3G_cwuJiiYYaqwuCztptt4GLnwUBQIQ2s70xbSwqhDyNbYaaZJcE3UkZggbmK-Qx7E0UZ8lDb0KDOWhuHl5zWQO_MgfKB5aCVDY/w640-h622/Leo+Parc+Sports+Ermens+Plans+%2528wikinshasa%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Architect's drawings for Parc des Sports Gen. Ermens (wikinshasa.org)</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Funa Club celebrated its 10th anniversary in October 1941 by building a new dam to supply water and refurbishing the concrete and tile. During World War Two the United States opened an office of the Board of Economic Warfare in Leopoldville to coordinate delivery of Congo’s strategic resources to the US war effort (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/05/leopoldville-1942-us-troops-expand.html#comment-form">May 23, 2011</a></i>). A member of the mission, John Canaday, who later wrote detective novels under the pseudonym of Matthew Head, recalled, </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> “If I had a favorite spot in Leopoldville, the Funa was it. It was a big pool, wide open to the sky, set out in the middle of great empty fields beyond the edge of town. As a pool there wasn’t anything exceptional about it; it was just the usual concrete basin, with concrete pavement along the banks, and along one side this pavement was widened into a terrace to accommodate a scattering of tables under bright beach umbrellas”. (Head, 1950:82)</div></blockquote><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpND0AhyKgFV2uP1ywZHmaXLSAG_yiSHtAyMEWs7LiIeYBSIpVWYl47Tsl0beo4nr0aUgSXkb7lEHeFwGmO_tXkh88mjN4vlbjWKkykKVRsGBECkAgMbsHTgGNASzUpWC0tmMxILhIoXE/s2048/Screen+Shot+2021-05-30+at+1.18.19+PM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1317" data-original-width="2048" height="412" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpND0AhyKgFV2uP1ywZHmaXLSAG_yiSHtAyMEWs7LiIeYBSIpVWYl47Tsl0beo4nr0aUgSXkb7lEHeFwGmO_tXkh88mjN4vlbjWKkykKVRsGBECkAgMbsHTgGNASzUpWC0tmMxILhIoXE/w640-h412/Screen+Shot+2021-05-30+at+1.18.19+PM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Art Deco facade of the Funa Club in the 1940s (author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">In January 1942, the colonial government authorized the Scheut Mission to expand its site on the Funa to 75 hectares. But only five months later, rescinded its grant to allow for the extension of the Ndolo Airport runway (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2013/04/1925-ndolo-airport-first-flight-from.html">Apr. 27, 2013</a></i>). At the end of the year, the government promised to return the site to the Catholics if there were no further needs for airport expansion. Finally, in June 1943, the Scheut Mission was granted 12 hectares for a sports complex. Construction began that year under Marcel Hentenryck, who also designed the art deco Public Market that year. Parc Sports Ermens was inaugurated in April 1946. The complex featured a large pool in addition to football and tennis facilities.</div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCLfmM0UnFzTsIiAJXK24E47SmBb4fWSA0ElcgPVj6hsq5lze4ZS6fTbKN4N_VuIyDtE8mkSs70YSKBJkCA9tsCJZNHb1zX5Omw_zqFdmk7421xsShZlK1K5t7t1AQZ4H0Qo0YR9b49JM/s679/Leo+Parc+Sports+Ermens+pool%252747+%2528delcampe%2529-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="490" data-original-width="679" height="462" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCLfmM0UnFzTsIiAJXK24E47SmBb4fWSA0ElcgPVj6hsq5lze4ZS6fTbKN4N_VuIyDtE8mkSs70YSKBJkCA9tsCJZNHb1zX5Omw_zqFdmk7421xsShZlK1K5t7t1AQZ4H0Qo0YR9b49JM/w640-h462/Leo+Parc+Sports+Ermens+pool%252747+%2528delcampe%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Parc des Sports Gen. Ermens pool in 1947 (author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCZLASd8idHIL1kLYhZtyVLbmd0RTX6UfzCykUgx6HDE_824i81XCtAqUVg_YowbNsHnRFINxDR8QZOPdu72xkV2mqLPf88wlsPAeJ2pj3tL0GN0nVlJGlFG-8d79neWkT5kAFcxGMNWk/s1280/Leo+Parc+Sports+Ermens+Pool%252753+%2528LIFE%2529-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1280" data-original-width="920" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCZLASd8idHIL1kLYhZtyVLbmd0RTX6UfzCykUgx6HDE_824i81XCtAqUVg_YowbNsHnRFINxDR8QZOPdu72xkV2mqLPf88wlsPAeJ2pj3tL0GN0nVlJGlFG-8d79neWkT5kAFcxGMNWk/w460-h640/Leo+Parc+Sports+Ermens+Pool%252753+%2528LIFE%2529-copy.jpg" width="460" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kids enjoying the pool 1953 (LIFE Magazine, Getty Coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Meanwhile, the Funa Club owners were considering a bid from the city to buy the facility. In December 1944, the Comité Urbain agreed to buy the pool, noting its plans to build a separate pool for Europeans as well as others serving the Congolese community, though there is no evidence this ever happened. The Allied liberation of Belgium was celebrated at the Funa in May 1945, and in December, the acquisition of the pool by the municipality was completed. The local government planned to upgrade the water filtration system. The colonial government also contributed, ceding rights to the 14 hectares where the Funa was located in 1949 and making direct budget allocations during the 1950s. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;">During the riots in January 1959, which led to Independence the following year (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2019/01/leopoldville-1959-martyrs-for.html">Jan. 13, 2019</a></i>), many Europeans were stranded at the Funa club and could not get home because the riot centered on Ave. Prince Baudouin (now Kasavubu), which the main route from the European city to the pool.
</div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYeXgNCkM2pasYigDuTgE2O-PrZTwChYVW5O-0qMkhFx_rDbA6qTE8gkvKlGFDGaA6sjsyoucdH2TG5zThtCEAC7526qIK3xNKg0soru1n89JoWPju6zE1Cw_UexV7ih32z-WOvzib6_o/s584/Leo+Funa+Club%252759+Paras+%2528Life.2%253A2%253A59%2529-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="584" data-original-width="500" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYeXgNCkM2pasYigDuTgE2O-PrZTwChYVW5O-0qMkhFx_rDbA6qTE8gkvKlGFDGaA6sjsyoucdH2TG5zThtCEAC7526qIK3xNKg0soru1n89JoWPju6zE1Cw_UexV7ih32z-WOvzib6_o/w548-h640/Leo+Funa+Club%252759+Paras+%2528Life.2%253A2%253A59%2529-copy.jpg" width="548" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Belgian soldiers' weapons stacked up at the Funa, Feb. 1959 (author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">After Independence, things continued much as before notwithstanding the political and social disruption in the city. The club closed for cleaning in mid-November 1960 and reopened the following Saturday with a “Soirée Dansante” for members. Orchestre Pespi-Cola provided entertainment. In April 1961, a US newspaper reported that Europeans flocked to the pool during their lunch hour. Noting that there had been no color bar prior to Independence, Congolese could patronize the club if they paid the $0.60 entrance fee. Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain, a Haitian anthropologist who researched youth in the city during World War II, returned in 1965 to study the life of women in the capital. She quoted an article in the “Progrès” which stated that whites would vacate the pool when Congolese entered. Going to the Funa was an expensive proposition for most Congolese, Comhaire-Sylvain. noted, describing the habits of a two-income couple for whom a taxi from town and back was Fr. 600, the entrance fee Fr. 100 and a sandwich Fr.150. In a recent article in E-Journal Kinshasa, a Kinois recalled catching the TCL (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/10/leopoldville-1954-transports-en-commun.html">Oct. 24, 2011</a></i>) 1-Line bus from Bandalungwa to the Funa with enough money for his entrance fee and a soft drink.</div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCmeKZ5E7jAr0d82e7v960YzpxgfK9LeEyAke7xvIF-TwWIsEZVnvej7CgkXIF8tmu0vtyuov6j6FtlUi7bYzcg78G0I6CwkIIC72hviPSlVGschX_aCk79yogBClAq_cN9k1g52v51Zw/s450/Leo+Funa+Club%252750s+Lamote+%2528aml%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="330" data-original-width="450" height="470" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCmeKZ5E7jAr0d82e7v960YzpxgfK9LeEyAke7xvIF-TwWIsEZVnvej7CgkXIF8tmu0vtyuov6j6FtlUi7bYzcg78G0I6CwkIIC72hviPSlVGschX_aCk79yogBClAq_cN9k1g52v51Zw/w640-h470/Leo+Funa+Club%252750s+Lamote+%2528aml%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Funa Club in the late 1950s. The City "modernized" the original Art Deco facade (author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvTdbMkbbfBcdK5bnqlS928Qu6cyRUnK-2Fp9g4WgUGimvBvOq0zN81KngbwOwsI8NkxQ3tF5yA4NJozdBjrdq2hoxQ3GxD1zcb8MedGP1SE5cuwVljaT5DRpYtm8Zte2DcP8Dmhmhba8/s812/Leo+Funa+Club+Resto+%2528delcampe%2529-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="577" data-original-width="812" height="454" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvTdbMkbbfBcdK5bnqlS928Qu6cyRUnK-2Fp9g4WgUGimvBvOq0zN81KngbwOwsI8NkxQ3tF5yA4NJozdBjrdq2hoxQ3GxD1zcb8MedGP1SE5cuwVljaT5DRpYtm8Zte2DcP8Dmhmhba8/w640-h454/Leo+Funa+Club+Resto+%2528delcampe%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Entrance to the changing rooms (author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Many of the American School (TASOK) students started going to the Funa Club on Friday afternoons in the early 1960s. I do not recall tension between white and black pool users. The large pool with its blue tiles, diving boards and water slide was a great improvement over the Mampeza. The “Mamp” faded from memory.</div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKifRrw57zxASPpR08awbsnSH_x5zkW4nKMC93jGa4JdyQpyVcv1dPRsn4y4RbDHuIlSEyjrb5UufjLkpdDZBUd60tHmAxW5oJv34MbE83JCFq-iZuI3RH4sYWPzCw11hORZzPQSIAWU8/s800/Kin+Funa+Club%252767+slide+%2528elisofon-si.edu3%2529-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="546" data-original-width="800" height="436" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKifRrw57zxASPpR08awbsnSH_x5zkW4nKMC93jGa4JdyQpyVcv1dPRsn4y4RbDHuIlSEyjrb5UufjLkpdDZBUd60tHmAxW5oJv34MbE83JCFq-iZuI3RH4sYWPzCw11hORZzPQSIAWU8/w640-h436/Kin+Funa+Club%252767+slide+%2528elisofon-si.edu3%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Funa Club in 1967 (Elisofon Collection, Smithsonian Institution)</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5jcL7XGWKxg3xGzyfz6ZM40GuSGoLVxm4_jeF3qudHNjE7PQM5zZPM5VtYrEpKhozzwMb3VaHRMZYtLwPxpYfy19vDnNNmZU_i9uYjOgng6Z9BE1yqEdlVZW6PDCoaHVoQmfcLQ2TT9g/s652/Kin+Funa+Club+Depara+%2528lepoint.fr%2529-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="649" data-original-width="652" height="638" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5jcL7XGWKxg3xGzyfz6ZM40GuSGoLVxm4_jeF3qudHNjE7PQM5zZPM5VtYrEpKhozzwMb3VaHRMZYtLwPxpYfy19vDnNNmZU_i9uYjOgng6Z9BE1yqEdlVZW6PDCoaHVoQmfcLQ2TT9g/w640-h638/Kin+Funa+Club+Depara+%2528lepoint.fr%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Body builders show their stuff (photo Jean Depara, lepoint.fr)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The Funa continued to operate in the 1970s. Entrance fees were 70 makuta ($1.40). Former Commissaire Regional (Governor) Sakombi Inongo claims he privatized the pool during his tenure in 1975-76. But by the 1980s it was in decline. Kinshasa’s budget for 1986 included plans to rehabilitate the Funa Club, as well as the MPR complex at Nsele, which also boasted an Olympic size pool (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2017/06/kinshasa-1967-mobutu-creates-domaine.html">June 4, 2017</a></i>). But that did not happen and during the 1992 Conference Nationale Souveraine sessions assessing the failures of the Mobutu regime, the Social and Cultural Commission deplored the abandonment of the Funa Club. During an assignment in Kinshasa in the early 2000s, I dropped a colleague off on Ave. Kabasele Joseph near the end of the Ndolo Airport runway. I had an eerie feeling like “déjà vu”, recognizing the side lane where we had stopped as the entrance to the Funa Club. But it was now built up all around with houses within cement block compounds.</div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioki-STauTqErWmOVrdug-WeJGJ1JqIPwkZ8yAfSs90lOwz-USxbtCRbHxnTG6E5ljo0k6LiK2vtNGY-sA8_zdKHxAS4S4TFYW0auCjNcP8M6LB-ofM9C_a5KgP0YI81bbqL2stgJve8E/s646/Kin+Funa+Club+%2528google+maps.2-12-12%2529-copy.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="369" data-original-width="646" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioki-STauTqErWmOVrdug-WeJGJ1JqIPwkZ8yAfSs90lOwz-USxbtCRbHxnTG6E5ljo0k6LiK2vtNGY-sA8_zdKHxAS4S4TFYW0auCjNcP8M6LB-ofM9C_a5KgP0YI81bbqL2stgJve8E/w640-h366/Kin+Funa+Club+%2528google+maps.2-12-12%2529-copy.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Funa Club site</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The last record I can find for the Mampeza was for a Ball Pelote match in 1956, about the time I started swimming there. At the end of a stay in Kinshasa in 2006, I went looking for the Mampeza. I found a small path between the walls off Ave. Ngumi where Hotel Pyramid is located. On the other side was the overgrown Mampeza stream and I followed a path along it twenty meters further where the space opened out into a courtyard between houses formed by the old pool. In contemporary Kinshasa, swimmers have to join hotel pools like the Elaeis, the ASK in Ma Campagne or the Shark Club at the Athenée.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheBDlfDvDP1l85eaa4EVjz9u77IqWSdPsB_GGtyTcmQ4zSUuquVWZs3cOcT9RTQNxMxP2sprh_wU9hKzztr7IMsYI_aikpnL5uZn5BGuOtHfFM58uUKj41BLh3GRugZvjY_Q8aFSaMHKQ/s2048/Kin+Mampeza02++%2528SS%2529-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheBDlfDvDP1l85eaa4EVjz9u77IqWSdPsB_GGtyTcmQ4zSUuquVWZs3cOcT9RTQNxMxP2sprh_wU9hKzztr7IMsYI_aikpnL5uZn5BGuOtHfFM58uUKj41BLh3GRugZvjY_Q8aFSaMHKQ/w640-h480/Kin+Mampeza02++%2528SS%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Mampeza pool in 2006 (author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsAaakP1xuhSfmYV0Uh9I4X9XV8qNmk-KtMaj_xFBpxMdfBOrWhYMaQ9xCMnQKOHoiCmGzSkDlUWmTqOPtlKeJDKA9Fo3Mz6EV2qYfjiopVsHX1FXxZZxkGlmmIzJLvBg1agXoR4jz1ss/s2048/Kin+Mampeza+Pool%252706+%2528SS05%2529-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsAaakP1xuhSfmYV0Uh9I4X9XV8qNmk-KtMaj_xFBpxMdfBOrWhYMaQ9xCMnQKOHoiCmGzSkDlUWmTqOPtlKeJDKA9Fo3Mz6EV2qYfjiopVsHX1FXxZZxkGlmmIzJLvBg1agXoR4jz1ss/w640-h480/Kin+Mampeza+Pool%252706+%2528SS05%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mampeza pool in 2006, vestiges of blue paint and hand rails (author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><br /><u>
Sources</u>: <div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Avenir Colonial Belge, Leopoldville, 1940-43 (multiple issues) </li><li> Comhaire-Sylvain, Suzanne, 1968. <u>Femmes de Kinshasa hier et aujourd'hui</u>, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG. </li><li> « Courrier d’Afrique », Leopoldville, 1941. (multiple issues) </li><li> « L’Eveil de l’A.E.F. », 1932-36 Brazzaville (multiple issues) </li><li> « Historique du Funa-Club ASBL », 1949. (gparchives.com) </li><li> Head, Matthew, 1950. <u>Congo Venus</u>, New York: Dell Publishing Company, Inc. </li><li> « Jeune, j’ai nagé à Cosbaki, à Funa et à l’Athénée de la Gombe », E-Journal Kinshasa, Oct. 2020. (https://e-journal.info/2020/10/jeune-jai-nage-a-cosbaki-a-funa-et-a-lathenee-de-la-gombe/) </li><li> Lelo Nzuzi, Francis, 2011. <u>Kinshasa Planification & Aménagement</u>, l’Harmattan. </li><li>VanderLinden, Jacques, 1994. <u>Pierre Ryckmans 1891-1959: Coloniser dans l'honneur, Bruxelles </u>: De Boeck-Wesamel. </li><li>Wauters, Julien, 1926. <u>Le Congo au travail</u>, Maison national d'edition l'Églantine.
</li></ul></div>Mwana Mbokahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01575491982841275224noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3042101873369162734.post-52164584703753832372021-04-30T12:42:00.019+01:002021-04-30T14:30:40.230+01:00Kinshasa 2021 - Sims Chapel Replica in Kwilu Province<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Five years ago, I wrote about Sims Chapel in Kinshasa </span><span style="font-size: medium;">(</span><i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/search?q=sims">May 4, 2016</a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">)</span><span style="font-size: medium;">. Built in 1891 by Dr. Aaron Sims of the American Baptist Missionary Union, it is the oldest permanent building in the city and still serves a regular congregation. </span><span style="font-size: medium;"> Recently, I learned of a new church under construction about 250 kilometers east of Kinshasa at Kinkosi in Kwilu Province that is a reproduction of Sims Chapel.</span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZQY_3FjXTNRLgnw-xoD3POzk_rM_5Zv8pk3u2Fi7vutWgYWN1LYDMy4TsW7kTM2rVF-d4tnQaBTBlgLaR4BA-bvcfN1J45AJYw2Fq6_l04CZ9vdUoSRRxVlPmX7xFXONKkocsN4j3wUg/s2048/Kin+CBCO+Sims+Chapel%252718+%2528SS02%2529-copy.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="2048" height="639" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZQY_3FjXTNRLgnw-xoD3POzk_rM_5Zv8pk3u2Fi7vutWgYWN1LYDMy4TsW7kTM2rVF-d4tnQaBTBlgLaR4BA-bvcfN1J45AJYw2Fq6_l04CZ9vdUoSRRxVlPmX7xFXONKkocsN4j3wUg/w639-h639/Kin+CBCO+Sims+Chapel%252718+%2528SS02%2529-copy.JPG" width="639" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sims Chapel in Kinshasa<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Kinkosi is a parish in the church district of Kikongo, part of the Communauté Baptiste du Congo (CBCO). CBCO is a member of the Eglise du Christ au Congo, which federates all the Protestant denominations in the country. In the early 1920s, residents of Kinkosi learned of Baptist missionaries at Sona Bata near Kinshasa who were preaching, teaching and healing. The villagers thought these services could benefit them and two young men hiked west for ten days to Sona Bata to ask the American Baptist missionary to send a pastor to their village. It was not until 1926 that a Congolese pastor was available to come to Kinkosi, but the response of the villagers was such that the mission decided to open work in the region and in 1929, Kikongo station was established on the Wamba River </span>(<i><a href="https://www.internationalministries.org/strong-eyes-of-faith/">Strong Eyes of Faith</a></i>).</div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXDXYp1873SVd-Z8k1gWMoUvCOo_pU1Cz2PjJAnQp2iqxZ9bD0zT_WoXBlqIBwDEnP-7lizz_uPkJUybvAoW-H7cO1js9J6QlVTmoB2YU_Oh9ej2Jjmai-x6zb3kiTp-HDVLiD6DXpDhI/s960/Kikongo+aerial%252718+%2528MW%2529jpg-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="750" data-original-width="960" height="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXDXYp1873SVd-Z8k1gWMoUvCOo_pU1Cz2PjJAnQp2iqxZ9bD0zT_WoXBlqIBwDEnP-7lizz_uPkJUybvAoW-H7cO1js9J6QlVTmoB2YU_Oh9ej2Jjmai-x6zb3kiTp-HDVLiD6DXpDhI/w640-h500/Kikongo+aerial%252718+%2528MW%2529jpg-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Aerial view of Kikongo and Wamba River</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrNqrMWrV5VUVltJPZSuBFn8I1KJevAwmUmqw9XCXqYtfAr0vkzOfgkaud_qJMsivp1q-GuXgkQhq1GLtxJfUwTK79geB7E0bYomHISosjMWn0i3wEUUQi0aNXCLxFCDku8T-UD9yOBP0/s1714/Map+Bandundu+Kin+circles.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1254" data-original-width="1714" height="468" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrNqrMWrV5VUVltJPZSuBFn8I1KJevAwmUmqw9XCXqYtfAr0vkzOfgkaud_qJMsivp1q-GuXgkQhq1GLtxJfUwTK79geB7E0bYomHISosjMWn0i3wEUUQi0aNXCLxFCDku8T-UD9yOBP0/w640-h468/Map+Bandundu+Kin+circles.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kikongo and Sona Bata circled in red.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">As the centenary period of the Kinkosi church’s founding approached, the congregation reached out to missionary Glen Chapman, who with his spouse Rita, has served at Kikongo since 1992. Glen suggested a commemoration with a historic church that was representative of CBCO, and they agreed to use Sims Chapel as the model. He was able to secure financing from the Emmert Legacy fund and brokered a construction contract between the village and two builders who had successfully completed buildings and other infrastructure for the Université Baptiste du Congo at Kikongo.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9Wrs-fmdVwxly4jHUm41S3OON0mtzVvMSm7gfxS2xAvem552iIrM9XWlUn3fNQti8PbYVtYoBIjTVO3FHTUc06-21jb9yPdpUoWeu2IjUNINJvlq6X4TggNdLJ3fAbLb-gesEW35fOAY/s1546/Kikongo+Kinkosi+Church+%2528GC-fb1%2529-copy.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1160" data-original-width="1546" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9Wrs-fmdVwxly4jHUm41S3OON0mtzVvMSm7gfxS2xAvem552iIrM9XWlUn3fNQti8PbYVtYoBIjTVO3FHTUc06-21jb9yPdpUoWeu2IjUNINJvlq6X4TggNdLJ3fAbLb-gesEW35fOAY/w640-h480/Kikongo+Kinkosi+Church+%2528GC-fb1%2529-copy.jpeg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A community meeting at Kinkosi</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1tiD_l8pQm7jUtqHvTvOpt6G2iYALLNxJQYnDMRkAo5AaI__NE3DmK1U9VHaRumUPTYlgOS8nUB9hR4cdRVERzSmomqlOniAdJgzaXMwfHyCLlFbsqqrQGbCJgr5WD25GmWhAY6TqwpY/s1870/Kikongo+Kinkosi+Church+%2528GC-fb%2529-copy.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1110" data-original-width="1870" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1tiD_l8pQm7jUtqHvTvOpt6G2iYALLNxJQYnDMRkAo5AaI__NE3DmK1U9VHaRumUPTYlgOS8nUB9hR4cdRVERzSmomqlOniAdJgzaXMwfHyCLlFbsqqrQGbCJgr5WD25GmWhAY6TqwpY/w640-h380/Kikongo+Kinkosi+Church+%2528GC-fb%2529-copy.jpeg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kinkosi church - the rafters are up.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmwySZ3pHtlU7y9fwsrsFbj_F8-IHjfj65-0iMbmTuojxkeO86mDiTBjluuFz_0_v5LKQGjaI6HlTCIsRAVv_FeHkaztp6MfUsSH0AaHqefo9AFaRXtcXaG45CYDfXk0pxBvxKegiU9q4/s1920/Kikongo+Kinkosi+Church+%2528GCh04%2529-copy.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmwySZ3pHtlU7y9fwsrsFbj_F8-IHjfj65-0iMbmTuojxkeO86mDiTBjluuFz_0_v5LKQGjaI6HlTCIsRAVv_FeHkaztp6MfUsSH0AaHqefo9AFaRXtcXaG45CYDfXk0pxBvxKegiU9q4/w640-h360/Kikongo+Kinkosi+Church+%2528GCh04%2529-copy.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Installation of the tin roof.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5CQ0o7EGU6Naw3ex5uWV2RH6sS-crOKUuK1JHAHHH7Jh9cObrVhallwN-hPc6AFREnu0uHNubiVNcDulu3twuQKrd3t86D36oLZar2H4sziUaSdRg89wT8cNiye8hkfbMSuC7F51Fw10/s1920/Kikongo+Kinkosi+Church+%2528GCh01%2529-copy.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5CQ0o7EGU6Naw3ex5uWV2RH6sS-crOKUuK1JHAHHH7Jh9cObrVhallwN-hPc6AFREnu0uHNubiVNcDulu3twuQKrd3t86D36oLZar2H4sziUaSdRg89wT8cNiye8hkfbMSuC7F51Fw10/w640-h360/Kikongo+Kinkosi+Church+%2528GCh01%2529-copy.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The roof is on.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">While researching this post, I discovered that Kinkosi may not be the first instance of replicating Sims Chapel. In 1900, a new chapel was erected at the Baptist post of Kifwa, a predecessor location of the Sona Bata station, which was established on the rail line in 1907. The choice was more likely practical than symbolic, as Dr. Sims’ chapel had proved to be a design that Congolese without extensive construction background could produce. The brick and thatch roofed structure was 24’ x 50’ (7 x 15 meters) vs 20’ x 60’ (6 x 18 meters) for Sims Chapel.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilqvAJY194Th7jyRbg2UdAHbiVnfOarhERNdoSm26cRWE-UggBdXJQHv7F4rnK8Oh26Ok3eTUTBORJ-3lyuYEEFNlKxvZK11W5h9q5ty4x-P-PfBg5jcMZF4vEcIDrDLokCItQXR7_-bY/s1228/Kifwa+Chapel%252799+%2528BMM%252790.169%2529-copy.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1044" data-original-width="1228" height="544" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilqvAJY194Th7jyRbg2UdAHbiVnfOarhERNdoSm26cRWE-UggBdXJQHv7F4rnK8Oh26Ok3eTUTBORJ-3lyuYEEFNlKxvZK11W5h9q5ty4x-P-PfBg5jcMZF4vEcIDrDLokCItQXR7_-bY/w640-h544/Kifwa+Chapel%252799+%2528BMM%252790.169%2529-copy.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">(Baptist Missionary Magazine, 1900)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPVc2Bkvu7IwtZ49At7kdhJCIkE9uiSEN0Sbz0fRLxLkRYNVKilgdUdHC6y4kxP-gT-P6GoTOMDCfC9iXHkZZaY3e6z1goSGnqVWT7iAef_mzvJ0BnPh65mhyphenhyphenDUSIZ5Ly7aCWVDJ8gvfQ/s592/Leo+ABFMS+Sims+Chapel%25271897+%2528Baptist+Mag%252797-01b%2529-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="380" data-original-width="592" height="410" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPVc2Bkvu7IwtZ49At7kdhJCIkE9uiSEN0Sbz0fRLxLkRYNVKilgdUdHC6y4kxP-gT-P6GoTOMDCfC9iXHkZZaY3e6z1goSGnqVWT7iAef_mzvJ0BnPh65mhyphenhyphenDUSIZ5Ly7aCWVDJ8gvfQ/w640-h410/Leo+ABFMS+Sims+Chapel%25271897+%2528Baptist+Mag%252797-01b%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sims Chapel in 1897 (Baptist Missionary Magazine, 1897)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">
The church roof was completed in March 2021 and the Rector of the Université Baptiste du Congo is planning its dedication.</span><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwbYN5DNVgbTkF1SO08Rj0c6YSXJHeatXqF7hIo9KqsqXzUJLNHRgHzUyrlEadKZllQO3pXn9foCIxgnA7cG2aa9PR95en_Uk0dqkrsSDDoprGyEE2ZQwqklbX6tCT-LPCUuvnzoUVmm8/s1880/Kikongo+Kinkosi+Church+%2528GCh05%2529-copy.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="772" data-original-width="1880" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwbYN5DNVgbTkF1SO08Rj0c6YSXJHeatXqF7hIo9KqsqXzUJLNHRgHzUyrlEadKZllQO3pXn9foCIxgnA7cG2aa9PR95en_Uk0dqkrsSDDoprGyEE2ZQwqklbX6tCT-LPCUuvnzoUVmm8/w640-h262/Kikongo+Kinkosi+Church+%2528GCh05%2529-copy.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: medium;">Kinkosi photos courtesy of Glen Chapman.</span></li></ul></div>Mwana Mbokahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01575491982841275224noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3042101873369162734.post-50287253387136894272021-04-15T15:02:00.037+01:002021-04-15T15:40:03.332+01:00Leopoldville 1926 – Hotel Sica – The Mystery of the Memling<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In 2011, I posted a piece about the Hotel Memling, its origins as the Hotel SICA and after 1937, a property of Belgian Airlines Sabena (</span><i>Mar. 29, 2011<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/03/leopoldville-1937-hotel-memling-and.html"></a></span></i><span style="font-size: medium;">). Recently, a colleague shared an early photo of the Hotel SICA which sent me back to research. The complex in the picture clearly reads “Hotel SICA” on the gables of the annexes in the foreground, but the main building in the background doesn’t match the SICA. My friend’s photo looked more like the Hotel Metropole of the 1920s. Was there a connection? I believe I’ve solved the mystery by consulting documentation at hand and conjecture from the evidence portrayed in images.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5h1JY06wmJlPsGfLgYN2aI9ZqT3TRBwe9BYkjSqE0Uk6tUKkqFUDCzblc9tQG67NbpbYFgd385W1MJi9755U350ugUWbbRMQ4IeWYCtO50rbp_x6XDOrGZLo23LiLq8Tw3d5K4t-FY60/s1600/Leo+H.Sica%252729+%2528dmichaux%2529.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1461" data-original-width="1600" height="586" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5h1JY06wmJlPsGfLgYN2aI9ZqT3TRBwe9BYkjSqE0Uk6tUKkqFUDCzblc9tQG67NbpbYFgd385W1MJi9755U350ugUWbbRMQ4IeWYCtO50rbp_x6XDOrGZLo23LiLq8Tw3d5K4t-FY60/w640-h586/Leo+H.Sica%252729+%2528dmichaux%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><u>The photograph of the Hotel SICA.</u></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd7wpEk7eonM5hUN5LQOl0fS-b4WHdXmPFvF3_NsuUeb-msl9q_Vea5sNSgwoEoodEAT9m_j8si8fqpJkMzK8WI71tH1eqAKIFR0VHTdW7XqsU6M-WAoCyPU1S6DEaNZu5kIFD6WrtaLs/s800/Leo+H.Metropole+Mertens+%2528familysearch2%2529-copy.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="800" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd7wpEk7eonM5hUN5LQOl0fS-b4WHdXmPFvF3_NsuUeb-msl9q_Vea5sNSgwoEoodEAT9m_j8si8fqpJkMzK8WI71tH1eqAKIFR0VHTdW7XqsU6M-WAoCyPU1S6DEaNZu5kIFD6WrtaLs/w640-h360/Leo+H.Metropole+Mertens+%2528familysearch2%2529-copy.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><u>The Hotel Metropole in the 1920s</u></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">A related issue was Belgian Airline Sabena’s claim to have created the Hotel Memling in 1937, although that name did not appear in print until after 1952. In my original post, I hinted, admittedly obliquely in retrospect, that Sabena based its claim to the Memling on the Sabena Guest House (near Ndolo Airport on Ave Kabasele Tshamala), both of which were subsumed by the Compagnie des Grands Hotels Africains in 1959.</div></span><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXf24isjg9_WzjEjPQQDfS-hmt6PSfmbh0VMZE2kwmIScHpf42vW_ORrZE17zHOBTWkk-ptgQK8hKIm8KRS_oXpIMglcA1H1gSiEq0kHYdfbp6ppMiqCBSbMMBRxtoEg4f7uvz4CbBi5w/s812/Leo+Sabena+GH+Rotonde+%2528delcampe1%2529-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="514" data-original-width="812" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXf24isjg9_WzjEjPQQDfS-hmt6PSfmbh0VMZE2kwmIScHpf42vW_ORrZE17zHOBTWkk-ptgQK8hKIm8KRS_oXpIMglcA1H1gSiEq0kHYdfbp6ppMiqCBSbMMBRxtoEg4f7uvz4CbBi5w/w640-h406/Leo+Sabena+GH+Rotonde+%2528delcampe1%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><u>The Sabena Guest House - the car dates this image from the 1930s (author coll.)</u>.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><span style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">As described in the earlier post, the original building where the Memling stands today was built by the Société industrielle et commerciale de l'Afrique occidentale (SICAO) around 1920, but which went bankrupt in 1924. Two years later, the Société Immobilière, Commerciale et Agricole (SICA), was created by Louis Promontorio. An early colonial figure, Promontorio worked for the Compagnie du Kasai and the Dutch House (NAHV), then opened his own firm in Leopoldville (Kintambo) in 1912. In 1924, he floated the Cie Urbaine des Transports en Commun du Stanley Pool. Promontorio put up a controlling interest of 128 of 200 500 franc shares in the new company, but it seems Leopoldville was not yet ready for public transit (</span><i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/10/leopoldville-1954-transports-en-commun.html#uds-search-results">Oct. 24, 2011</a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtF7Z96foLALAWn0-nsBgoLhadnO1-F6ChhXAycgXcTJir6-nAREi8O2S8B4dEi8SfwCjP5T7qQGImZNyrJrv5OXQ2pidq9cOytrvDnOye2CRtx76bimKVgQSrYQyE4LoJ74mNKoR9hPc/s899/Leo+H.SICAO+Bldg%252719+%2528delcampe%2529-copy-copy_edited-1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="619" data-original-width="899" height="440" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtF7Z96foLALAWn0-nsBgoLhadnO1-F6ChhXAycgXcTJir6-nAREi8O2S8B4dEi8SfwCjP5T7qQGImZNyrJrv5OXQ2pidq9cOytrvDnOye2CRtx76bimKVgQSrYQyE4LoJ74mNKoR9hPc/w640-h440/Leo+H.SICAO+Bldg%252719+%2528delcampe%2529-copy-copy_edited-1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><u>The SICAO Building under construction around 1919 (author coll.)</u>.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">When SICA was founded in November 1926, Promontorio was granted 850 of 2500 Fr.1000 shares on the basis of a 0.44-hectare property (about an acre) in Kinshasa. He also received 1250 “Founder” shares, which gave him a majority of votes in the new company. Another, non-capitalized asset but referenced in the founding documents, was a contract with option to buy on a 50-hectare parcel at Kingabwa (part of contemporary Commune de Limete), upstream from Kinshasa. Following the designation of the Board of Directors, the company established its Congo headquarters at the Hotel de la SICA. This suggests that the hotel was in operation prior to SICA’s formation, most likely this was the SICAO property Promontorio contributed as in-kind capital.</div></span><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqOGuPBLzKZtdFN42G_YEtdvnezosV3gSBpBHmpenyE4-SNsKcsFTmbqVScjrS2eOmrC4qfoB7U6hDYdP8LCt7pHnd56jHm-MmVpcaTH3LJZ6X29PNvtXZhmsTTz_IIzwhbCDVFfeTNEg/s1542/Leo+H.SICA%252739+%2528guillaume-liberas3%2529-copy-copy.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1542" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqOGuPBLzKZtdFN42G_YEtdvnezosV3gSBpBHmpenyE4-SNsKcsFTmbqVScjrS2eOmrC4qfoB7U6hDYdP8LCt7pHnd56jHm-MmVpcaTH3LJZ6X29PNvtXZhmsTTz_IIzwhbCDVFfeTNEg/w640-h426/Leo+H.SICA%252739+%2528guillaume-liberas3%2529-copy-copy.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><u>The Hotel SICA around 1940 (liberas)</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The Hotel Metropole was operated in the 1920s by Felix Mertens, the same time as the SICA. A period photo shows a two-story building about the same size as the SICA, but with freshly-painted stucco walls rather than exposed brick and arched windows instead of square enclosing the second-floor balcony. The Metropole appears to have had a short run before succumbing to the Depression. The earliest references I’ve found date from 1924-25. In 1926, a cook at the hotel, D. Bandago, was diagnosed with tuberculosis by the local health service. The hotel-restaurant was recorded in Congo Revue 1927 and in 1928 it was listed as a destination for a taxi service from the Garage Mayo on the Place de la Poste (</span><i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2020/03/leopoldville-1923-place-de-la-poste.html ">Mar.24, 2020</a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">). But by the beginning of the 1930s, the Hotel Metropole disappeared from the Leopoldville hotel scene.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFv9bnknpe-Pkr0GCa0TrcYoccAnPt5iBmFnYdenlSQ6sTXdWFij5JOE-XVjaa5JYV2wTnMUloml_e6h_-0utVyYBa7Xrf3vcbyTNzZLgzy4uTaXLT8RsCxqXlvy00ZJILVIsbgKf-Yn8/s911/Leo+H.Metropole+%2528delc1%2529+copy-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="658" data-original-width="911" height="462" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFv9bnknpe-Pkr0GCa0TrcYoccAnPt5iBmFnYdenlSQ6sTXdWFij5JOE-XVjaa5JYV2wTnMUloml_e6h_-0utVyYBa7Xrf3vcbyTNzZLgzy4uTaXLT8RsCxqXlvy00ZJILVIsbgKf-Yn8/w640-h462/Leo+H.Metropole+%2528delc1%2529+copy-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The Hotel Metropole in the 1920s (author coll.).</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The photo showing the Metropole with “Hotel Sica” on the annex gables suggests the Metropole was taken over by the SICA. The photo of the Metropole above shows a building in the background which is obviously the SICA. This would place the Metropole at the corner of Ave. Stanley and Ave Bangala where the Residence Atlantic is today.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This acquisition of the Metropole by SICA is corroborated by photos in the Henri Guillaume collection at the Liberaal Archives in Ghent (</span><i><a href="https://zoeken.liberas.eu/detail.php?nav_id=1-2&id=1254567&nav_id=1-2">liberas</a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">). Guillaume went to Congo in 1939 to work for the SICA. His photos show a variety of perspectives of the two buildings, including the annexes between the two hotels which housed European staff, and where Guillaume had an apartment. At the end of 1928, SICA’s balance sheet showed real estate valued at Fr.4.2 million, up from Fr.1.9 million the year before, suggesting acquisition of the Metropole.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-Dp4O9_UdjkdP1ecBvP4iX37mOB1us_Xo7soMsz6mHHoFdwwXvgxR1gGvLpAg3GC2Idmkn04AoyOZNZjURKbvQqCgT4pm8Qqwxik-F1Uw_Ex8dU8_NFbFrL_y0GXWzh8MrDFKMtcF5y8/s1576/Leo+Ave+Stanley+I%2527Fina+%2528g-copy-1.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1034" data-original-width="1576" height="420" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-Dp4O9_UdjkdP1ecBvP4iX37mOB1us_Xo7soMsz6mHHoFdwwXvgxR1gGvLpAg3GC2Idmkn04AoyOZNZjURKbvQqCgT4pm8Qqwxik-F1Uw_Ex8dU8_NFbFrL_y0GXWzh8MrDFKMtcF5y8/w640-h420/Leo+Ave+Stanley+I%2527Fina+%2528g-copy-1.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><u>Henri Guillaume on the grounds of the annexes around 1939 (liberas)</u>.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8C4UMe-grm3tpI19NQa_-8rrhWuLj2dxYkzAIYpA0fVf11Ug-AHi6Ijg_OZvAbN88ohv0sw56QFw9psOcGZYJ30dG70QEHZRf7lYi9Ub76ARsQn6W1DcYelRbq3ZRlLKERd6ARrZeNUw/s657/Leo+H.Metropole%252739+%2528liberas1%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="657" data-original-width="643" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8C4UMe-grm3tpI19NQa_-8rrhWuLj2dxYkzAIYpA0fVf11Ug-AHi6Ijg_OZvAbN88ohv0sw56QFw9psOcGZYJ30dG70QEHZRf7lYi9Ub76ARsQn6W1DcYelRbq3ZRlLKERd6ARrZeNUw/w626-h640/Leo+H.Metropole%252739+%2528liberas1%2529.jpg" width="626" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><u>Guillaume outside the Metropole with Hotel SICA in background (liberas)</u>.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">But what of Sabena’s claim that it built the Memling in 1937 (</span><i><a href="https://www.memling.net/fr/lh%C3%B4tel/histoire">Hotel Memling</a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">)? First, Guillaume’s photos show that the two original hotel complexes were still extant in 1939. Second, there is nothing in the SICA’s annual reports from 1936 to 1958 that indicate Sabena had any investment in the property. Finally, the first multi-story wing of the SICA along Ave. Stanley must have been built in the early 1950s, when SICA decided to focus on its real estate activities in Kalina, Kingabwa and near the port. The first images specifically naming the Memling date from 1952, in a tourist brochure produced in Brussels.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho0OmfGzhXI-Cb0uA2qA-MIJhUDQ8cH9Hr2-uI5h4XBxZsed0-CUTPk9KOy9xgmzchKUIIShKY0nCXiQoHon0rc-kKdUGwRL7iyYgFr-h_KsWe4jsCucC3rUAR6a2W3CvVQULR3roR_4k/s1270/Leo+Brochure%252752+Hotels+%2528ebay%2529-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1158" data-original-width="1270" height="584" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho0OmfGzhXI-Cb0uA2qA-MIJhUDQ8cH9Hr2-uI5h4XBxZsed0-CUTPk9KOy9xgmzchKUIIShKY0nCXiQoHon0rc-kKdUGwRL7iyYgFr-h_KsWe4jsCucC3rUAR6a2W3CvVQULR3roR_4k/w640-h584/Leo+Brochure%252752+Hotels+%2528ebay%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><u>Some of Leopoldville's hotels in 1952 (author coll.)</u></div><div style="text-align: center;"><u><br /></u></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXFflcV2jhrGgKfsCAc4w767_hPwyG0OEkIsWsiNcnoIIXX-BB32yPUfx476DOf4FscjWMdlVfK24dmuWABcqKF-D4BrIL3IFAdy-yPWCEb2vb8BCvdtAsJyG7hmODDRtscUVwtA6vyLc/s1620/Leo+H.Memling+Sica+%2528delc2%2529-copy-1-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1052" data-original-width="1620" height="416" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXFflcV2jhrGgKfsCAc4w767_hPwyG0OEkIsWsiNcnoIIXX-BB32yPUfx476DOf4FscjWMdlVfK24dmuWABcqKF-D4BrIL3IFAdy-yPWCEb2vb8BCvdtAsJyG7hmODDRtscUVwtA6vyLc/w640-h416/Leo+H.Memling+Sica+%2528delc2%2529-copy-1-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><u>The Hotel Memling (R) incorporating the original SICA building (author coll.)</u></div><u><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></u></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Another compelling indicator comes from Tom Marvel, US Press Attaché in Leopoldville during the war who returned to Congo in late 1945, and reported that he, “saw a friend at the Sica, then had lunch at Sabena, and met the four o'clock Fima (ferry) from Brazza.” In Sabena’s annual report for 1945, the company claimed revenues of Fr.3.7 million from operation of its guest-houses. Similarly, in 1949 the Sabena Revue, the airline’s magazine published a full-page advertisement for the Hotel Regina, the Storey-Day property around the corner on Blvd. Albert (</span><i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/03/leopoldville-1942-hotel-le-regina.html">Mar. 29, 2011</a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">). The ad promoted the Regina’s services for transportation and reservations upon arrival at Ndolo airport, and the amenities of its “Hôtel de Premier Ordre” – a renowned restaurant, bar, grill-room, patisserie and a catering service. No mention was made of the SICA or the Memling in the magazine. If Sabena was operating a major hotel downtown, or planning a major expansion, it would have received some coverage. Instead, the magazine touted the establishment of Sabena Guest Houses around the country.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguEMU4aaMxpomO2PoEWpms6atBJgyoT6yswZ2IYm7gr5C-ojKofalkzfhmr4hoMUNbJEx0YVBxwjsluvafzRnmckC8i-w7em2m4Wn5h1G_pV_N_hCvQDsrg6DsH63FpSLRhFMwyjf6kzY/s1500/Leo+H.Metropole+-+Memling+-+S.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="973" data-original-width="1500" height="416" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguEMU4aaMxpomO2PoEWpms6atBJgyoT6yswZ2IYm7gr5C-ojKofalkzfhmr4hoMUNbJEx0YVBxwjsluvafzRnmckC8i-w7em2m4Wn5h1G_pV_N_hCvQDsrg6DsH63FpSLRhFMwyjf6kzY/w640-h416/Leo+H.Metropole+-+Memling+-+S.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><u>This photo from the mid-1950s shows the SICA complex along Ave. Stanley.</u></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">(Thanks to my colleague for labelling)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Absent any conclusive link of Sabena to the SICA in 1937, my initial conclusion stands, that the airline’s claim to the Memling is based on the 1959 merger which brought the SICA property and the Sabena Guest House at Ndolo under the same corporate framework. Certainly, the Art Deco architecture of the Guest House suggests its construction in the 1930s </span>(<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2018/01/leopoldville-1930s-postcards-from-art_4.html">Jan. 4, 2018</a></i>)<span style="font-size: medium;">.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7Xfivftye7Oz-dGavYnLWnWq1Jt81ffdhcBF6axTQFiVA2f_bdcKXaQBNJe5zOAaf9RWVEXnY9zpb82m2wmb-JtUyF-_OsX-yLzEUJg348Bh1QP3X8FKYVhnKed2eAFDYj-l_0VKnNqw/s1006/Leo+Sabena+GH+Rotonde+%2528cvelde%2529-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="642" data-original-width="1006" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7Xfivftye7Oz-dGavYnLWnWq1Jt81ffdhcBF6axTQFiVA2f_bdcKXaQBNJe5zOAaf9RWVEXnY9zpb82m2wmb-JtUyF-_OsX-yLzEUJg348Bh1QP3X8FKYVhnKed2eAFDYj-l_0VKnNqw/w640-h408/Leo+Sabena+GH+Rotonde+%2528cvelde%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><u>A view of the Sabena Guest House in the 1950s (author coll)</u>.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">A significant restructuring of SICA took place after World War II. Louis Promontorio had died and his place on the Board taken by his son, Victor. Victor was born to a Congolese mother in Kintambo in 1912. When she died in 1919, Promontorio took him to Belgium. There he graduated with a law degree from the University of Louvain in 1935, making him among the first Congolese to obtain a university degree. In 1960, he participated in the Round Table meeting in Brussels that led to Independence, and was elected Senator from Equateur Province in the first Parliament in June that year. Promontorio (Seya Tshibangu under Mobutu’s Authenticité) became the first Congolese attorney admitted to the Leopoldville bar in 1963. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In November 1946, Victor resigned from the SICA board, and was replaced by Robert Cousin, representing the Société Mobilière et Imobilière Hosa (which provided much of the funds for the capital increase in 1948). Armand Regnier, Administrator and longtime Secretary General of the firm, resigned as well and was succeeded by Louis Lambelin, who became the Managing Director. Another board member, Hoebrechts, was replaced by Count Jean de Broqueville. The following year, Promontorio and his stepmother, ceded 8.8 hectares in Ndolo to the company. The firm nearly doubled its capital from 7.4 million francs to 13.4 million. In September 1948 capital was raised to Fr.40 million. That year, the value of land, buildings, material and furnishings was reported at Fr.13 million. In 1950 these assets had increased to Fr. 15.5 million, of which Fr.9.6 million was buildings. The following year, the value of buildings rose to nearly Fr. 20 million. This suggests that Wing A was completed in 1951 (rather than 1937) and it follows that the hotel began to be referred to as the “Memling” after 1952 (though why a 15th Century Flemish painter inspired SICA’s board is unclear). Notably, guidebooks and the company’s own letterhead continued to show the Memling as “Propriétaire Société SICA”.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY18uvr3Il_key_UaAKR6Bkj7xyaosPEcyXnGPvTubVN5HW2w433QTRLE8e6v_n6CCBnBIrlcu7Mn7Ff2Q3FMzkZrdyivP19q1Lf2QYktJExT4ejp8omFkuyu-M7d6z-JI7DJgoaJL848/s825/Leo+H.Memling%252757+%2528delcampe%2529-copy-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="646" data-original-width="825" height="502" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY18uvr3Il_key_UaAKR6Bkj7xyaosPEcyXnGPvTubVN5HW2w433QTRLE8e6v_n6CCBnBIrlcu7Mn7Ff2Q3FMzkZrdyivP19q1Lf2QYktJExT4ejp8omFkuyu-M7d6z-JI7DJgoaJL848/w640-h502/Leo+H.Memling%252757+%2528delcampe%2529-copy-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><u>Letterhead showing ownership by SICA (author coll.)</u></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Construction of the new three-story wing on Ave. Stanley required the demolition of the Metropole annexes. At the same time, the terrace of original SICA building along Ave. Moulaert was enclosed and the facade remodeled to tie in with the new structure. The main building of the former Hotel Metropole was demolished before Independence in 1960 and an office-residential building, the Residence Atlantic, was built.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwYkFUazjcOEP8sfcId8rELA5W02gmvENTq4cHVZzjHthlFmHagCC-KlwzyjCIUgz3gz44V-y67Gv2PtiP8Np2QySqCUW-4ThWqk8QJH-sfNV7HnSwu_Kd3CiBkDszk624VJdEKAF10UM/s1490/Leo+H.Memling%252750s+pre-expand+%2528ebay1%2529-copy-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1083" data-original-width="1490" height="466" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwYkFUazjcOEP8sfcId8rELA5W02gmvENTq4cHVZzjHthlFmHagCC-KlwzyjCIUgz3gz44V-y67Gv2PtiP8Np2QySqCUW-4ThWqk8QJH-sfNV7HnSwu_Kd3CiBkDszk624VJdEKAF10UM/w640-h466/Leo+H.Memling%252750s+pre-expand+%2528ebay1%2529-copy-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><u>The modified SICA building (foreground) and the new "Memling" wing (author coll.)</u></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><u><br /></u></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNGy88a36keQnXKi57SxVu4XxzPcpcbgveFSttoBTHaXTe6euK0Dn22ZfcrtTJ9X-rK3SO0noIh_KTSTQ8jsgvzL9LaNC9usDHLfo2TuVBQmk8nn9UEh0JGYHdA9u_3Lwx5TyPFpEEghE/s540/Leo+H.Memling%252754+Int+%2528delcampe%2529-copy-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="386" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNGy88a36keQnXKi57SxVu4XxzPcpcbgveFSttoBTHaXTe6euK0Dn22ZfcrtTJ9X-rK3SO0noIh_KTSTQ8jsgvzL9LaNC9usDHLfo2TuVBQmk8nn9UEh0JGYHdA9u_3Lwx5TyPFpEEghE/w458-h640/Leo+H.Memling%252754+Int+%2528delcampe%2529-copy-copy.jpg" width="458" /></a></div><u>An interior view of the new wing (author coll.)</u></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In 1955 the original SICA building was demolished and replaced with “Wing B”, an eight-story structure that angled from Ave. Stanley down Ave. Moulaert (Ave. Tchad), adding another 75 rooms, for a total of 114.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKIQLOtrf__MvzyBDpKc9sufTZV80dlTpmTre-eSdz_jnb4JGx9YNjQcZFNfbyns1m6JYhUyacA3KRvfGM7p9jh7PUYqqwuVoCn3TcJcMhR5rEyRi_wu-xt_cE9jXWmWqTDyYrloW9fXI/s931/Leo+H.Memling%252754+Q+Constr+%2528ebay%2529-copy-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="677" data-original-width="931" height="466" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKIQLOtrf__MvzyBDpKc9sufTZV80dlTpmTre-eSdz_jnb4JGx9YNjQcZFNfbyns1m6JYhUyacA3KRvfGM7p9jh7PUYqqwuVoCn3TcJcMhR5rEyRi_wu-xt_cE9jXWmWqTDyYrloW9fXI/w640-h466/Leo+H.Memling%252754+Q+Constr+%2528ebay%2529-copy-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><u style="text-decoration-line: underline;">Construction of "Wing B" along Ave Moulaert. Note Otraco Building construction upper right</u>.</div><div style="text-align: center;">(author coll.)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguQneomkhPwlJn8rF7igsvLvC7aFNLr8QQmTOCVx_6lW4oxWQYvSHGuvnWxEjKH8kWJpsFaLxTtz0HaWkT5IjIxNVhhTlzmQpzjljYu1NZPBtriyExZLpCgPJvie0QCXOZVb2f9EqcLeY/s1746/Leo+H.Memling%252750s+%2528delcampe3%2529-copy-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1284" data-original-width="1746" height="470" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguQneomkhPwlJn8rF7igsvLvC7aFNLr8QQmTOCVx_6lW4oxWQYvSHGuvnWxEjKH8kWJpsFaLxTtz0HaWkT5IjIxNVhhTlzmQpzjljYu1NZPBtriyExZLpCgPJvie0QCXOZVb2f9EqcLeY/w640-h470/Leo+H.Memling%252750s+%2528delcampe3%2529-copy-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Hotel Memling late 1950s. Note construction of Residence Atlantic at far end of Wing A (author coll).</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEY-UGYKDchSbhweBsrIA79kt043V0GzBqNErRVShoi4gzsngaHuKrQL8PmpIRMSTrckBkAIphgqUBkUOe4KYOw9yvXKrLNkQKNEgcqDFj-mbbe_4inML-VvhPVRRkLKKp3Cloq3iMPdA/s729/Leo+H.Memling%252761+%2528Forman-uwm.edu%2529-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="492" data-original-width="729" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEY-UGYKDchSbhweBsrIA79kt043V0GzBqNErRVShoi4gzsngaHuKrQL8PmpIRMSTrckBkAIphgqUBkUOe4KYOw9yvXKrLNkQKNEgcqDFj-mbbe_4inML-VvhPVRRkLKKp3Cloq3iMPdA/w640-h432/Leo+H.Memling%252761+%2528Forman-uwm.edu%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Hotel Memling 1961, note completed Residence Atlantic (Northwestern University, Foreman Coll.)</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">After Congo’s Independence June 30, 1960, the Memling became a primary center of political activity, inasmuch as it housed much of the foreign press and was located opposite the Hotel Stanley, where the United Nations established its initial headquarters (</span><i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2015/06/kinshasa-2015-hotel-stanley-to-reopen.html">June 3, 2015</a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">). Competing political factions held press conferences or organized demonstrations in the street outside. In 1963-64, Wing C was built in the same architectural style as Wing B, extending down Ave Moulaert, bringing the total number of rooms to 174.</span></div></span><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcfKSwyRGtpEbW3fwKVze6dcHvXz0BAuAHlTfWcrAtQSX6cVsAasWZTMU6WzCaPvodyHbvYaFyeiOH2mfquU3Zjm0vCCxMlGK-9kwu3-79S2vYuGlrl1znnWwUfsoqIVg-SYhHWVr_TZ0/s1474/Leo+H.Memling%252760s+%2528delc2%2529-copy-copy-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="938" data-original-width="1474" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcfKSwyRGtpEbW3fwKVze6dcHvXz0BAuAHlTfWcrAtQSX6cVsAasWZTMU6WzCaPvodyHbvYaFyeiOH2mfquU3Zjm0vCCxMlGK-9kwu3-79S2vYuGlrl1znnWwUfsoqIVg-SYhHWVr_TZ0/w640-h408/Leo+H.Memling%252760s+%2528delc2%2529-copy-copy-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><u><div style="text-align: center;"><u>The Memling shortly after completion of "Wing C" in mid-1960s (author coll)</u>.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></u><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The Sabena Guest House was later acquired by Boniface Zoao, the last Bourgmestre (Mayor) of Kinshasa, who was replaced by a military governor in 1966. One of his relatives manages the property today and is slowly upgrading the buildings and grounds hoping to attract substantial clientele again.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_fi2OFnXldCuKkEbcNPkaxXqsYO8xXN2lW0_kLGeyeH8pKr56U77v9a-8NG-h5qtbeRC092bt6XfyaWQhfFb4oDCDseaVanVgJroqulLe3qNhUdVcUt7IRAuSgVK25MdhnwywndFcE58/s2048/Kin+Sabena+GH%252717+%2528SS20%2529-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_fi2OFnXldCuKkEbcNPkaxXqsYO8xXN2lW0_kLGeyeH8pKr56U77v9a-8NG-h5qtbeRC092bt6XfyaWQhfFb4oDCDseaVanVgJroqulLe3qNhUdVcUt7IRAuSgVK25MdhnwywndFcE58/w640-h480/Kin+Sabena+GH%252717+%2528SS20%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><u><div style="text-align: center;"><u>The former Sabena Guest House in 2017 (author coll.)</u></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8s-VZgVkwijtMZm8crpf6bEpdQdODSdRQmQvQM0W2A0_j0u9s2sHpzQztZMKuaHolJh5mU0qM8V6-QEg1MvdIIjEVqTU3spAcbagKSvXCuKfFToJSjXd0KikEEtqUbnrxQ85npfzK0Vg/s2048/Kin+Sabena+GH%252717+Resto+%2528SS01%2529-copy.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="2048" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8s-VZgVkwijtMZm8crpf6bEpdQdODSdRQmQvQM0W2A0_j0u9s2sHpzQztZMKuaHolJh5mU0qM8V6-QEg1MvdIIjEVqTU3spAcbagKSvXCuKfFToJSjXd0KikEEtqUbnrxQ85npfzK0Vg/w640-h640/Kin+Sabena+GH%252717+Resto+%2528SS01%2529-copy.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>The restaurant of the Guest House (author coll.)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOKWKLN7OBU9qmgYKVjMEpVTnk2qHH9AL5diICd4EERgUu5iWv5PYxmfq3VYJJX4vDuWYMQy8zdjaQOeOSBlm6TyYAu5NHOabIsc6IQcmxWyzs1idVkd6BJ28jQ_zQg35E6y-zC50glj4/s2048/Kin+Sabena+GH%252717+%2528SS12%2529-copy.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="2048" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOKWKLN7OBU9qmgYKVjMEpVTnk2qHH9AL5diICd4EERgUu5iWv5PYxmfq3VYJJX4vDuWYMQy8zdjaQOeOSBlm6TyYAu5NHOabIsc6IQcmxWyzs1idVkd6BJ28jQ_zQg35E6y-zC50glj4/w640-h640/Kin+Sabena+GH%252717+%2528SS12%2529-copy.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><u>Note the wing motif over the garage (author coll.)</u></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></u><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In 1985, the Memling's “Wing A” was demolished in a major renovation of the property. Eighty four years after Sabena’s alleged construction of the Memling, or 70 years after the construction of “Wing A” in 1951, perhaps it doesn’t matter much who built what when. The Memling remains both a historic and significant contemporary fixture in downtown Kinshasa.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZQ8rvIdEo-BEKkjxGe_l0K4h-louxVVT_liRGSLUHOVK82EeLQMq8pBbMJJWJSz7AV2IX5-QjvCo5vpOlSP4Ir4p7VLJLzACNrPdhMQs77EVcIDZDJdxJj00AV7EoDpXRW64_BX5MjpQ/s2000/Kin+H.Memling%252718+pool+%2528tripadvisor%2529.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZQ8rvIdEo-BEKkjxGe_l0K4h-louxVVT_liRGSLUHOVK82EeLQMq8pBbMJJWJSz7AV2IX5-QjvCo5vpOlSP4Ir4p7VLJLzACNrPdhMQs77EVcIDZDJdxJj00AV7EoDpXRW64_BX5MjpQ/w640-h426/Kin+H.Memling%252718+pool+%2528tripadvisor%2529.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Interior view of the Memling of the wing replacing "Wing A" (trip advisor)</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><u>
Sources</u>: <div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Bulletin Officielle du Congo Belge (multiple years) </li><li>Congo: Revue générale de la colonie belge, 1927, Vol.8, No.1. </li><li>Liberas – Centrum voor de Geschiedenis van het vrije denken en handelen (liberas.eu)
</li></ul></div>Mwana Mbokahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01575491982841275224noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3042101873369162734.post-14141373540057374522020-11-03T21:45:00.055+01:002021-01-20T13:37:22.859+01:00Leopoldville 1960 – Patrice Lumumba’s Residence<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This photograph, taken of a villa on Boulevard Albert 1er across from the Leopoldville golf course in May 1948, was Patrice Lumumba’s residence in 1960 when he became Prime Minister of the independent Republic of the Congo. Lumumba was allocated the house by virtue of his nomination in February 1960 to the College Exécutif, a six-member advisory committee of Congolese representatives to the Governor General. Otherwise, even this late in the colonial period, an African could never have purchased a house in the European city. Lumumba was tapped to represent Kasai Province, though he had lived in Leopoldville since September 1957 (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2016/01/leopoldville-1957-battle-of-breweries.html">Jan. 17, 2016</a></i>).</span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6WlBHIczjODioR5PyjH5RWe1Szt9UfJv0cAur6r6j5V6uQlKIq5romDG0VIf8Qg3ke3pywDtHf-gAnTlD9FDbskjH_0Se3ZCV7wplCpl_kJzVOZMIpi0RRSd9sK3HZcck9z2-lMN1HL8/s895/Leo+PEL+Res+Blvd%25274805+%2528delc%2529-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="895" data-original-width="876" height="529" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6WlBHIczjODioR5PyjH5RWe1Szt9UfJv0cAur6r6j5V6uQlKIq5romDG0VIf8Qg3ke3pywDtHf-gAnTlD9FDbskjH_0Se3ZCV7wplCpl_kJzVOZMIpi0RRSd9sK3HZcck9z2-lMN1HL8/w518-h529/Leo+PEL+Res+Blvd%25274805+%2528delc%2529-copy.jpg" width="518" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The villa on Blvd. Albert 1er, May 1948 (author coll.) </td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTV0C7_I7yQrTHMl98rsOVPlai0tgTDgjq6jlXYhyphenhyphenigoOiNKwB77K2JMZ4P1pqzAigyTbrJN_4904OeHv7YATTcp-Nsm_y_YUZdoQ3qDe9YZxeMM_rjyRW3vZmenl6cytHIu5K6FjSxVs/s1258/Leo+PEL+fam+%2528mbokamosika%2529-copy.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1258" data-original-width="964" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTV0C7_I7yQrTHMl98rsOVPlai0tgTDgjq6jlXYhyphenhyphenigoOiNKwB77K2JMZ4P1pqzAigyTbrJN_4904OeHv7YATTcp-Nsm_y_YUZdoQ3qDe9YZxeMM_rjyRW3vZmenl6cytHIu5K6FjSxVs/w490-h640/Leo+PEL+fam+%2528mbokamosika%2529-copy.png" width="490" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Family photo in the garden. (Published in Jet Magazine, March 9, 1961)</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">After the Elections in May, Lumumba was designated to form the first government. Kasa-Vubu, representing the important Bakongo community in the capital (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2019/01/leopoldville-1959-martyrs-for.html">Jan. 13, 2019</a></i>)</span><span style="font-size: large;">, threatened to boycott and a compromise was reached whereby Kasa-Vubu would be elected President by the Parliament. Jean Van Lierde, a friend and advisor to Lumumba, recalled waiting at the house on the Boulevard on June 23 for Kasa-Vubu’s three ABAKO nominees for the Premier’s expansive cabinet. Following the Independence festivities and transfer of sovereignty to the new nation, President Kasa-Vubu moved into the former Provincial Governor’s mansion on Mont Stanley (</span><i style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2019/01/kinshasa-2019-where-does-new-president.html">Jan. 28, 2019</a></i><span style="font-size: large;">), while Lumumba had to wait until July 5 for Governor General Henri Cornelis to vacate the Governor General’s residence on Ave. Tilkens (Ave du Fleuve) (</span><i style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/09/leopoldville-1923-governors-house-and.html">Sep. 12, 2011</a></i><span style="font-size: large;">). By this time, General Janssens’ neo-colonialist position had precipitated an army mutiny and plunged the new nation into the Cold War.</span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgug0XFcKBGrpNLPO4QhSz0MNoh3fDoiuZLXO2cdszmoKN9P6JjWM3ZlUFi3EXfIoNAWMMcKE9pzs05iZPDL2XC0dfeppxtvaU2IcSYfZIr13-Qt__F0S2UbzjAhllzBaFmzQiYJ1eUdfY/s851/PEL%2527600602+Press+%2528delc02%2529-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="624" data-original-width="851" height="470" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgug0XFcKBGrpNLPO4QhSz0MNoh3fDoiuZLXO2cdszmoKN9P6JjWM3ZlUFi3EXfIoNAWMMcKE9pzs05iZPDL2XC0dfeppxtvaU2IcSYfZIr13-Qt__F0S2UbzjAhllzBaFmzQiYJ1eUdfY/w640-h470/PEL%2527600602+Press+%2528delc02%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lumumba gives a press conference in the residence, June 2, 1960 (author coll.)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Belgian actions to safeguard its citizens by militarily occupying key cities and airports provoked Kasa-Vubu and Lumumba to break relations with Belgium on July 14. Lumumba announced the country would call for Soviet support if Belgium did not withdraw. Meanwhile, the United Nations responded decisively to a separate request to send a peace-keeping force to the new country. Relations with the UN soured in August when the international body appeared to acquiesce to the secession of Katanga Province. Furthermore, relations between President Kasa-Vubu and Lumumba became strained as the Prime Minister expressed increasingly strident anti-imperialist positions while the President appeared influenced by strong messages from western Ambassadors. Both Brussels and Washington approved plans to remove Lumumba. The conflict came to a head on September 5 when Kasa-Vubu went on Radio Leopoldville to dismiss Lumumba. Shortly afterwards, Lumumba came on the radio dismissing the President. The following day, Kasa-Vubu’s Prime Minister designate, Joseph Ileo, issued a warrant for Lumumba’s arrest. The United Nations closed the radio and all airports in the country.</span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsPQ6pp_wiJaA758vRX9VX-Xjx3o3UQzcn6ZdoaO8Xll6EVvHY77Zvs2WPXkeGD-Hm2ej1rejWxXnwNLC7UT07kYjPEx_jhUM7Kx74adaN_Ds3oQNBdCmY2vduyW5q4yTXAUdttTCY49g/s459/Leo+Radio%2527600900+PEL+%2528ebay1%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="314" data-original-width="459" height="438" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsPQ6pp_wiJaA758vRX9VX-Xjx3o3UQzcn6ZdoaO8Xll6EVvHY77Zvs2WPXkeGD-Hm2ej1rejWxXnwNLC7UT07kYjPEx_jhUM7Kx74adaN_Ds3oQNBdCmY2vduyW5q4yTXAUdttTCY49g/w640-h438/Leo+Radio%2527600900+PEL+%2528ebay1%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ghanaian soldier at the radio station September 5, 1960 (author coll.)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">According to the Loi Fondamentale, the constitutional framework drafted by the Belgians, Kasa-Vubu was in his rights as President. But Lumumba cried foul and secured a vote in his favor in both Houses of the National Assembly on September 8, and called upon the UN to reopen the radio and airports. The UN placed guards at Parliament, the President and Prime Minister’s residences. In the afternoon of September 11, a National Army (ANC) unit arrested Lumumba at his residence on Blvd. Albert, executing Ileo’s warrant. He was taken to Camp Leopold II (now Kokolo), but released after two hours. The Premier toured the cité rallying his supporters, then drove to the radio station three blocks from his home. A Ghanaian guard detail refused him access. At that point, Lumumba decamped from the Prime Minister’s residence for his private one. Mme. Lumumba was seen leaving the residence in a vehicle filled with the family’s luggage.</span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjqgikk6WHSFaGqqcqVYcplppBd3VevtZkrjpGTULnnPKZM1s1xmTQWZol9453XdaKxUG7I5X_QUD_f_co3lB5x9vDbIEWVbHoFMbhzvYbZN5MBytLZIdzSr7bBDMAKnEddF5OpEEbqtA/s995/Leo+GovGen+Res%252760100+PEL+%2528ebay-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="995" data-original-width="795" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjqgikk6WHSFaGqqcqVYcplppBd3VevtZkrjpGTULnnPKZM1s1xmTQWZol9453XdaKxUG7I5X_QUD_f_co3lB5x9vDbIEWVbHoFMbhzvYbZN5MBytLZIdzSr7bBDMAKnEddF5OpEEbqtA/w512-h640/Leo+GovGen+Res%252760100+PEL+%2528ebay-copy.jpg" width="512" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ghanaian troops at the Prime Minister's Office. Lumumba on the balcony (arrow) <br />(author coll.)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicklMBW_9hHX0V3yvkhsm97PlPhHVs-GZTAMpocSs0c_aXA3L5ggVtG83VFzEIv_cCXV8JvEIwabpNzE4qeMJQuqT3J7snCBjIA1ACsuXvlfgZUU9Eb59xMmjPFaodSiSruy6ijPJWTUg/s829/Leo+ONUC+Ghana+Radio+%2528ebay1%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="694" data-original-width="829" height="536" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicklMBW_9hHX0V3yvkhsm97PlPhHVs-GZTAMpocSs0c_aXA3L5ggVtG83VFzEIv_cCXV8JvEIwabpNzE4qeMJQuqT3J7snCBjIA1ACsuXvlfgZUU9Eb59xMmjPFaodSiSruy6ijPJWTUg/w640-h536/Leo+ONUC+Ghana+Radio+%2528ebay1%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ghana troops reinforce positions at the radio station, September 1960 (author coll.)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tensions remained high in the city, with neither side conceding and the UN’s stated position of neutrality appearing to favor the Kasa-Vubu faction. Ghanaian troops withdrew from the Radio station on September 13 when the new Minister of Information in the Ileo government arrived to take possession. The following day, Colonel Mobutu announced on the radio he was neutralizing both factions until the end of the year – a coup d’état. He created an interim government of technocrats -- the College of Commissioners -- comprised of the cream of Congo's few university graduates.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Mobutu kept up the pressure. On September 15, he announced the expulsion of Soviet and Czech embassies for distributing pro-Lumumba propaganda. The next day, his troops arrested staff at the Prime Minister's residence and those at the administrative office on the street behind the Residence. Lumumba left his private home and went into hiding, but on Sunday, September 18, returned to the official residence on the Congo River. Ghanaian troops ensured his safety and screened journalists to an impromptu press conference.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Lumumba left the official residence several times over the next three weeks to rally supporters, but always returned to the safety of the Ghana guard detail. The College of Commissioners fulminated about this, calling for an ANC guard at the Residence, for the electricity and water to be cut off, and for Mobutu to execute the arrest warrant. Finally on October 12, Mobutu acted, deploying Congolese soldiers in an outer ring around the Ghanaians. He reached an agreement with the UN that Lumumba would only be arrested if he left the Residence.</span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcM0q49xVL2j4msGksU01H-eLViiq2a9kTeMjS_VJktYl4LV0UD7fL_eSh-2qc6HNEokmQ14Dcyjdg4nsirbYMWmmsH_chQM_Gu6aZjuJ-o7EfV85opxHeIeP-lJIfX9UM18vq84QVtzc/s1463/Leo+PEL+Res%2527601015+%2528amazon1%2529-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1463" data-original-width="1125" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcM0q49xVL2j4msGksU01H-eLViiq2a9kTeMjS_VJktYl4LV0UD7fL_eSh-2qc6HNEokmQ14Dcyjdg4nsirbYMWmmsH_chQM_Gu6aZjuJ-o7EfV85opxHeIeP-lJIfX9UM18vq84QVtzc/w492-h640/Leo+PEL+Res%2527601015+%2528amazon1%2529-copy.jpg" width="492" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ghanaian troops secure the perimeter of Lumumba's private residence (author coll.)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgn7rxrb6G0T-svDtYMvnYA0UCdLgQoAx149Adcb6sMdkSbiy2uCUdRup6rvqWyYhVlms2uq2vFN2Y0fH9v2zzbe95TxP63J0zrbmjPSBSxQxm_ubv0yRTCteY1rLUQcy7rx25ta22e_Y/s833/MSS%2527601011+PEL+arrest+%2528ebay1%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="722" data-original-width="833" height="554" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgn7rxrb6G0T-svDtYMvnYA0UCdLgQoAx149Adcb6sMdkSbiy2uCUdRup6rvqWyYhVlms2uq2vFN2Y0fH9v2zzbe95TxP63J0zrbmjPSBSxQxm_ubv0yRTCteY1rLUQcy7rx25ta22e_Y/w640-h554/MSS%2527601011+PEL+arrest+%2528ebay1%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Col. Mobutu attempts to arrest Lumumba on October 11, 1960. The Ghanaian guard refused. <br />(Author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">On the night of November 27, in pouring rain, Lumumba slipped out of his residence, hidden on the floor of the back seat of his Chevrolet station wagon under the legs of the house workers. Driving the workers home at night was a normal occurrence and the UN detail barely gave to car a look. The ANC questioned the driver, who said he was also going to buy cigarettes, and would bring them back a carton, and they let him pass. Lumumba rendezvoused with a number of supporters (including Pauline and son Roland, who had moved into the cité), and in a three-vehicle convoy set out for Stanleyville (Kisangani), 2000 kilometers to the northeast, where Lumumbists under Antoine Gizenga held power. On December 1, Lumumba and his party were apprehended by Congolese security services near Mweka in Kasai Province. His return to Leopoldville and subsequent transfer to and murder in Katanga is beyond the scope of this post, but can be consulted in detail in Ludo De Witte’s The Assassination of Lumumba (2001).</span></div></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrx9gMOdorLJVDABrvqVxniXdf40C4HVxqO2DQZvyuDt7pWi3coAFPg9Utisg1SXtFF0wMdyctJrgJf_Q39Wv1Wi4V27xB4ouJFNkN1Pa45shAwQjBC720GMGbJabDbzKJCoKT3x6git0/s1536/SIPA_AP22491798_000006-scaled-e1600441801630-1536x878.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="878" data-original-width="1536" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrx9gMOdorLJVDABrvqVxniXdf40C4HVxqO2DQZvyuDt7pWi3coAFPg9Utisg1SXtFF0wMdyctJrgJf_Q39Wv1Wi4V27xB4ouJFNkN1Pa45shAwQjBC720GMGbJabDbzKJCoKT3x6git0/w640-h366/SIPA_AP22491798_000006-scaled-e1600441801630-1536x878.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lumumba in his car before confinement (The Africa Report, Sept. 18, 2020)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">During years the family was in exile, Lumumba’s younger brother Louis was an influential player, elected as Governor of Sankuru Province in 1963 and named to the Board of Air Congo in 1968. In 1971, however, he was accused of illegal diamond dealing. The family retained possession of the house on the Boulevard, even while the children now and then appeared as members of the opposition to Mobutu in the diaspora. With Mobutu’s overthrow in May 1997 and Laurent Kabila’s advent as President, daughter Juliana Lumumba returned to Kinshasa as Minister of Culture and Arts in Kabila’s government.</span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibfeNKuQkVD5hAgRHkBhJn8-RT5-uXWamZHY80RlzSdvfNV7b8Z3gUycrKTBSmeG-5QFCcxw51X-HKbJA8IlQqz6C_stu7afcHjxFl5bd9z0rCK1x1fJcqrZaGbnkhT_d4AH_KnxXdkIE/s2048/Kin+PEL+Res%252706+%2528SS03%2529-copy.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibfeNKuQkVD5hAgRHkBhJn8-RT5-uXWamZHY80RlzSdvfNV7b8Z3gUycrKTBSmeG-5QFCcxw51X-HKbJA8IlQqz6C_stu7afcHjxFl5bd9z0rCK1x1fJcqrZaGbnkhT_d4AH_KnxXdkIE/w640-h480/Kin+PEL+Res%252706+%2528SS03%2529-copy.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Lumumba residence in 2006 (author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In June 2013, the Matata Ponyo government released an RFP to rehabilitate the Lumumba residence and construct an annex for Mama Pauline Opango Lumumba. Additional RFPs were issued following year in April and May, for further restoration of the residence and to build a guard house and upgrade the security wall around the property. Pauline Opango Lumumba died in December 2014 and the family held a wake at the residence. Ownership of the property passed to Lumumba’s son, Roland.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMGsvE0_HknYgnGzwwg_K5wv3MAmrA1il4RQ8kzl2pqc42So3Eg_Aa8Kvjw8hiuXj1wOQ_vCeH8-MKaBYSr_itsio9ia63FsFovoYVfE0HP4_f0eezzWgf2Wrt9OzURXpzQ3eejua7HQA/s500/Kin+PEL+Res%252714+%2528Okapi%2529-copy.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="376" data-original-width="500" height="482" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMGsvE0_HknYgnGzwwg_K5wv3MAmrA1il4RQ8kzl2pqc42So3Eg_Aa8Kvjw8hiuXj1wOQ_vCeH8-MKaBYSr_itsio9ia63FsFovoYVfE0HP4_f0eezzWgf2Wrt9OzURXpzQ3eejua7HQA/w640-h482/Kin+PEL+Res%252714+%2528Okapi%2529-copy.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pauline Opango Lumumba's wake (Radio Okapi, Aug. 28, 2017)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In December 2018, “African Challenges” published an article by a Kinshasa correspondent arguing the house should become a museum. It cited the only “unique” historical relic was a white Ford Maverick up on blocks in the rear of the property. Why, the author asked, wasn’t the state doing more to preserve such important artifacts of this National Hero? The question of museum status (and public support) for the Lumumba residence, as well as that of Kasa-Vubu on Ave. Kasa-Vubu, are important issues for the country to address 60 years on, but the Maverick (which could be seen in the carport in 2006) was not the getaway car. The Chevrolet station wagon has consistently been cited as the vehicle. Ford did not introduce the Maverick until 1970. </span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgVsE9uhg_JgAADTQo3u5RxA4eE0ajXeuywojxHC7BSKdTpp_Eg61Fs35wC4rXTSx3g8b479YYOYxD2LQ5pjGcF9ygTnytIJ81Tt2IxPaybu1yBTfn3Ryu6OHMvyFIfxRUaNzAmecyUZ0/s1996/Kin+PEL+Res%25272018+Maverick+%2528africanchallenges1%2529-copy.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1124" data-original-width="1996" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgVsE9uhg_JgAADTQo3u5RxA4eE0ajXeuywojxHC7BSKdTpp_Eg61Fs35wC4rXTSx3g8b479YYOYxD2LQ5pjGcF9ygTnytIJ81Tt2IxPaybu1yBTfn3Ryu6OHMvyFIfxRUaNzAmecyUZ0/w640-h360/Kin+PEL+Res%25272018+Maverick+%2528africanchallenges1%2529-copy.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Maverick on blocks outside the carport (African Challenges, Dec. 22, 2018)</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3enOZ8WDRE8lCMewD38b1IJtJYNKTei_Y1j1f_bOB8ok4NEOKuHSyXqLldBLYIlc8YdR6EUrwFxoBq7IfqSRYo9k87sjjrLDq1NH0NpqmHOXagOERMcXufvzGbjbuS8-1jFcJZAd3z6I/s2048/Kin+PEL+Res%252706+%2528SS02%2529-copy.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3enOZ8WDRE8lCMewD38b1IJtJYNKTei_Y1j1f_bOB8ok4NEOKuHSyXqLldBLYIlc8YdR6EUrwFxoBq7IfqSRYo9k87sjjrLDq1NH0NpqmHOXagOERMcXufvzGbjbuS8-1jFcJZAd3z6I/w640-h480/Kin+PEL+Res%252706+%2528SS02%2529-copy.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A view of the Maverick in 2006 (author coll.)</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The Lumumba residence occupies a prominent, easily accessible, location in Kinshasa and could be repurposed as a museum if the family agreed. As a tourist attraction for both national and foreign visitors, it has huge potential to tell Lumumba’s and the country’s story.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div><b><u>Sources</u></b>:</div><div><ul><li>African Challenges, Dec. 22, 2018. “Devoir de mémoire: ce qui reste du héros national Patrice Lumumba à Kinshasa” https://www.africanchallenges.com/devoir-de-memoire-ce-qui-reste-du-heros-national-patrice-lumumba-a-kinshasa/</li><li>De Witte, Ludo, 2001. The Assassination of Lumumba, Verso.</li><li>Radio Okapi, Dec. 12, 2014. https://www.radiookapi.net/actualite/2014/12/29/pauline-opango-la-veuve-de-patrice-lumumba-inhumee-kinshasa</li></ul></div><div><br /></div></div>Mwana Mbokahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01575491982841275224noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3042101873369162734.post-57920121723985081172020-07-13T19:19:00.001+01:002020-07-13T22:21:50.180+01:00Leopoldville 1918 – “La Grippe Espagnole”<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">I recently heard a piece on U.S. National Public Radio about Brian Melican's article in the New Statesman entitled, <i>“A tale of three cities: the places transformed by pandemics across history</i>” <a href="https://www.newstatesman.com/world/europe/2020/04/tale-three-cities-places-transformed-pandemics-across-history">(</a><i><a href="https://www.newstatesman.com/world/europe/2020/04/tale-three-cities-places-transformed-pandemics-across-history">Melican, Apr. 20, 2020</a>). </i>His research examined the plague in Marseille in 1720, cholera in Hamburg in 1892, and Spanish Influenza in Ostersund, Sweden in 1918. In this time of Covid-19, I wondered how Kinshasa fared during the Spanish Flu, or “Grippe Espagnole”, epidemic in November 1918.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";">Kinshasa circa 1918 - the central business district (now Ave. de la Nation)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Leopoldville, and Kinshasa<i>,</i> (the two were separate and distinct polities at this time), were coming out of four years of world war, which had negatively impacted the economy. In fact, the outbreak reached Stanley Pool the day after word of the Armistice in Europe. Although Congolese Force Publique troops had defeated the Germans in their colonies of Kamerun in 1914 (<a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2014/08/kinshasa-1914-world-war-i-comes-to-congo.html"><i>Aug. 3, 2014</i>)</a> and Tanganika in 1916, the War continued to be a significant burden for the Congo. German submarine activity in the South Atlantic had curtailed imports, and more importantly, suppressed exports upon which the colonial economy depended.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";">Kinshasa in 1919</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">In mid-November 1918, the first cases of Spanish Flu were reported in Leopoldville. While the contagion is acknowledged to have come from ships originating in Europe calling at the port cities of Boma and Matadi, the virus was simultaneously spreading to up-river communities in the east of the colony, particularly from the mining cities of Katanga, which were infected via the railroad from South Africa. As early as October 16, 1918, the Vice Governor General of Katanga issued an Ordonnance providing measures to take to contain the “Spanish Influenza” virus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";">The public market in Kinshasa, located opposite the current Poste Centrale on Blvd du 30 Juin. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia";">Note railway line to Leopoldville in upper left provided the right-of-way for the future Boulevard.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The virus quickly spread in Kinshasa, then Leopoldville and across the river to Brazzaville. In its centenary history, the Catholic church recorded that 250 Congolese died in Kinshasa, 150 in Kintambo (Leopoldville) and 500 in Brazzaville. Catholic missionaries could only provide hot water as treatment for victims. The British Baptist Missionary Society (BMS) reported that hundreds died, 3000 fled back to their home villages, spreading the contagion. The Congolese population of Leopoldville was estimated about 5,000 at this time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The port at Kinshasa</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The American Baptist mission in Kintambo saw students in its preparatory primary school scattered by the influenza in November, although classes did resume by January. Dr. Catherine Mabie, writing about the impact on the mission’s hinterland around Leopoldville noted:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">“Spanish influenza found its way into the river and despite all quarantine regulations has spread like August grass fires over the entire country. The hungry, ill-nourished native fell easy prey to its ravages. Many villages have been decimated. Some have lost more heavily even to a fifth or fourth of their population. Station day and boarding schools have been closed and pupils returned to their towns, but January finds the plague well-nigh spent and schools reassembling”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">By the beginning of 1919, the epidemic had reached Stanleyville from the Katanga while the strain originating in Leopoldville had infected Congo River communities as far upstream as Bumba, 250 kilometers downstream from Stanleyville.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";">The original hospital for Congolese in Leopoldville. Now known as l'Hôpital<span style="text-align: start;"></span> du Rive.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The government imposed strict limitations on travel and transportation between cities and rural areas. Shipping on the river was suspended for three weeks. This had a knock-on effect on other economic activity and the food supply chain for Congolese workers in the city failed. Only direct intervention by local authorities prevented famine. Schools closed. Death among prison inmates was particularly high. Medical facilities were rudimentary. The only hospital serving Congolese was located in Leopoldville on a site just above the rapids (now known as l'</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">Hôpital du Rive, above)</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">, and its 100-bed capacity was stretched to more than 300. In addition, a small dispensary was located in Kinshasa (</span><i style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2012/11/leopoldville-1902-first-hospital-for_26.html">Nov. 26, 2012</a></i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">).</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";">Quarantine facilities for tuberculosis patients</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">In a letter to the Tribune Congolaise in April 1919 after epidemic had subsided, a Kinshasa resident reported there were:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">“Very few deaths among the white population. The scourge found a well-prepared fertile ground among the native population where death does its massive harvest; shall we ever know how many of these poor <i>misérables</i> died of this epidemic. The situation was already precarious in the light of the fact that famine was threatening certain regions like Middle Congo and Lower-Congo and Mayumbe. Many Blacks died from these regions because, being underfed, they could not put up any resistance again: death! They could be seen collapsing in the streets and dying at the very spots where they fell after long hours and hours of agony”. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">(Tribune Congolaise, April 17, 1919, cited in Sabakinu, 1984, translation in the original)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Kinshasa cité, possibly Ndolo (Barumbu), note river on horizon.</span><span style="text-align: start;"></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">In its annual presentation to the Belgian Chamber of Deputies in 1919, the Ministry of Colonies focused on the economic consequences of the epidemic -- citing nearly 3,000 tons of exports idled up river from the port at Kinshasa out of an annual shipment of 30,000 tons. The Chamber was also apprised that the expected shortfall in tax revenues in 1919 was also due to the pandemic. The report acknowledged that it was impossible to determine how many Congolese died across the colony because the Ministry only reported cases specifically treated in its medical facilities, which were primarily located in the European towns. However, 60% of those treated were flu cases, of which 4.8 % died, and the Ministry estimated that hundreds of thousands of Congolese perished. Out of an estimated six million people in the colony, the death toll from the epidemic would be upwards of 300,000. The New York Times, reporting from Brussels on April 24, 1919, cited estimates of as many as 500,000 deaths among Congolese.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";">Another view of the Kinshasa cité.</span><span style="text-align: start;"></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The colonial government public health system was already coping with on-going epidemics of sleeping sickness, infantile paralysis, cholera, small pox as well as influenza. Sleeping sickness was a major challenge, because it devastated the Congolese workforce necessary to keep the colonial economic machine going. The colonial health service had an extensive monitoring system in place, checking arrivals on river boats, and imposing quarantine. By February 1919, the epidemic had eased in Kinshasa and Leopoldville.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";">Quarantine camp for Small Pox victims.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The influenza pandemic was transformational for Congolese urban dwellers. As the author of the report to the Chamber in 1918 observed, the higher salaries offered in cities did not compensate for inadequate housing, insufficient and mediocre food, exposure to accidents and risk of disease. Belgian labor policy considered the Congolese to be lazy and therefore formal work was seen as a moral obligation and contributing to the colonial civilizing mission. The virulent flu epidemic reinforced these apprehensions among Congolese, and the author argued, labor policy must increasingly be responsive to self-interest rather than relying on compulsion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";">Another view of the Kinshasa business district (Now Ave. Isiro).</span></td></tr>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Sources:</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="display: inline !important; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">American Baptist Foreign Mission Society, 1919. Annual Report.</span></div>
</li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Baptist Missionary Society, 1919, Annual Report.</span></li>
<li><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Belgium, Chambre des Représentants, « Rapport annuel sur l’activité de la colonie du Congo Belge présenté aux chambres législatives », 1918 & 1919</span></li>
<li><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Cornet, René-Jules, 1971. <u>Bwana Munganga</u>, Academie Royale des Sciences d’Outremer.</span></li>
<li><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">L'Eglise Catholique au Zaire: un siècle de croissance (1880-1980)</span></u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">, 1979. Edition du secrétariat de l’épiscopat. </span></li>
<li><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">Sabakinu Kivilu, 1984. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">“Population and Health in Zaire during the Colonial Period from the End of the 19<sup>th</sup> Century to 1960”, Transafrican Journal of History, Vol. 13, pp. 92-109.</span></li>
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Mwana Mbokahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01575491982841275224noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3042101873369162734.post-78401593991521122602020-03-25T21:18:00.002+01:002020-03-26T14:01:37.835+01:00Leopoldville 1962 - "Le Twist a Leo" by Manu Dibango <br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Manu Dibango, legendary Cameroonian saxophonist, known for his fusion of rumba, jazz, funk and traditional music, died in Paris on March 24, 2020 of Covid-19. Before he rose to fame on the African and international music scene in the late 1960s, he tried his hand in Kinshasa with Joseph Kabasele’s (Grand Kalle) African Jazz and then managing a nightclub with his own band.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dibango's first hit was Soul Makossa in 1972</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Born in Douala in 1933, his father arranged for him to go to France for secondary school in 1949. He graduated in 1956, but did not pass the university entrance exam. At that point, his father stopped sending him money, so he turned to his avocation for music, moving to Belgium where he ended up at a Brussels club called “Les Anges Noire”. On the eve of Congo’s independence in 1960 he met Kabasele (composer of Independence Cha Cha) who persuaded him to return to Léopoldville with African Jazz in 1961.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCQLyN7QKbVahsjKIr_zSR-ZftmsXoXpa3ZX5u2XONxLtNlnAKyolMs1qv0W71w7ve_E8odej6Eei6y_AQ_-pfOV43BegRwUyN-v33NvbK4oq-IZ8hXX5Roo4hQ723NdEDa3moyzMuFJ8/s1600/MANU_DIBANGO_SOUL%252BMAKOSSA-727256c.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="491" data-original-width="500" height="628" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCQLyN7QKbVahsjKIr_zSR-ZftmsXoXpa3ZX5u2XONxLtNlnAKyolMs1qv0W71w7ve_E8odej6Eei6y_AQ_-pfOV43BegRwUyN-v33NvbK4oq-IZ8hXX5Roo4hQ723NdEDa3moyzMuFJ8/s640/MANU_DIBANGO_SOUL%252BMAKOSSA-727256c.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">By his own account, Dibango was enthralled with the Congolese capital:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">“I dreamed of an Africa that looked like this. She welcomed me – wealthy, flashy… The air was sensually moist. Money, sex, sorcery, and physical strength combined in this capital, which was creating its own language and building its own history. At dusk, when candles and gas lamps were lit in the <i>Cité</i>– the black side of town – the crowds would surge, warm and talkative. In the <i>ngandas</i>, the many open-air bars, women and men sat in front of the cases of beer that surrounded the stage. The great Kabasele and his African Jazz called forth the crowd’s madness – undulating bodies, hot glances, soft eyes, fast talk, and the hips of beautiful dancers held in their skin-tight wrappers. Pale beers were gulped down between two plates of fish served with plantain or manioc – <i>la dolce vita</i>.” (Dibango, 1994:41)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Blvd. Albert in the late 1950s (author coll.)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">He played with African Jazz in the <i>Cité, </i>but also picked up gigs in the former European district of Kalina with a Belgian band, “Juan les Pins”, led by a musician he’d known in Brussels. With Kabasele’s authorization, he played with “Juan les Pins” at the Auberge Petit Pont in September 1961 (<i>Courier d’Afrique,</i> Sep. 30-Oct. 1, 1961:2). These were fascinating times, as the cold war played out on the streets of Léopoldville, Congolese politicians intrigued with and against each other, Europeans who fled in 1960 were returning (restarting economic outlets) and United Nations personnel with money to spend frequenting the bars and restaurants.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Petit Pont Restaurant in the late '60s (author coll.)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Friction began to develop between Kabasele and the band, however. Band members asked questions about his Belgian wife, Coco, and why he didn’t keep mistresses in the <i>Cité</i>. The young Cameroonian had feet in both cultures and Kabasele picked up on this and suggested Dibango take over his night club on Ave. DeGaulle, the “Afro Negro”. Ave DeGaulle was located in Kalina, but was a major shopping destination for Congolese, as well. This was a perfect solution for the couple – Coco ran the bar, ordered the food and paid the musicians, while he led the band. Europeans and UN personnel looking for something different became regular patrons. The ambiance of the Afro Negro and Léopoldville’s nightlife in this period was captured by Congolese Angolan photographer, Jean Depara (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2014/07/L%C3%A9opoldville-1924-photo-zagourski-opens.html">July 12, 2014</a></i>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Outside the Afro Negro Club (author coll.)</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhISkCxDyh02i-D3hJt63H2V5_WOEGZRygLzEgxLuageGsxYM_CMojou5dAYW4BhAtiEQzJlAcKn-5JBENKqJrAqACNJqJhfyYLMMpYLHaaaL1gzcaJG8yhaK9cQbEW0i52vGfzXHp4iRE/s1600/Kin+Afro+Negro%252769+depara+%2528revuenoire1%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="923" data-original-width="607" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhISkCxDyh02i-D3hJt63H2V5_WOEGZRygLzEgxLuageGsxYM_CMojou5dAYW4BhAtiEQzJlAcKn-5JBENKqJrAqACNJqJhfyYLMMpYLHaaaL1gzcaJG8yhaK9cQbEW0i52vGfzXHp4iRE/s640/Kin+Afro+Negro%252769+depara+%2528revuenoire1%2529-copy.jpg" width="420" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Afro Negro Club in 1969 (Revue Noire)</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Afro Negro Club in 1969 (Revue Noire)</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Afro Negro - at the bar (author coll.)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">When Chubby Checker popularized the Twist on the Dick Clark Show in August, 1960, it wasn’t long before it reached Léopoldville. Music aficionados were curious, but no records were available on the local market. In 1962, Dibango composed one of his first recordings, “Twist a Leo” on the African Jazz label.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZoAcdV9pJ4">Link to YouTube</a></td></tr>
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<b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Twist A Leo<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Ayé Ayé Ayé Ayé<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Ayé Ayé Ayé Ayé<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Oui mon corps balance<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Dans un temps de twist<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Ayé Ayé Ayé Ayé<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Ayé Ayé Ayé Ayé<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Oh, le Twist fait rage à Léopoldville<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">De Limete à Kalina<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">De la <i>Cité</i> á Parc Hembise<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">On danse le Twist, eh henh, à Léopoldville<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">De Lipopo à Kalina<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">De la <i>Cité</i> à la Pergola<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">On danse le Twist à Léopoldville<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Ayé Ayé Ayé Ayé<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Ayé Ayé Ayé Ayé<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">J’ai perdu la tête<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">En dansant le Twist<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">De Limete à Kalina, Vie !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">De la <i>Cité</i> au Royal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">On danse le Twist<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">On ne se plaignent pas, ça va bien<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Oh Oui<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Ayé Ayé Ayé Ayé<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Ayé Ayé Ayé Ayé<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Oui on a perdu la tête, j’ai perdu la tête<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">(Lyrics transcribed by Mwana Mboka)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The relationship with Kabasele remained problematic. Dibango met aspiring banker, Dokolo Sanu (who would found the Bank of Kinshasa in 1969) who suggested he start a new club. Dibango and Coco opened the “Tam Tam”. By his account, the new venue was a success; down to earth but very popular. However, in 1962, his parents persuaded him to move back to Cameroon, where he opened another “Tam Tam”. The new venture in Cameroon closed as civil war engulfed the country and Dibango moved to Europe and super-stardom.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Sources</span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"> :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Courier d’Afrique,</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"> Léopoldville (multiple issues)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Dibango, Manu, 1994. <u>Three Kilos of Coffee : An Autobiography</u>, University of Chicago Press.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Kwaku Akyeampong Michael, Henry Louis Gates and Steven J. Niven, 2012. <u>Dictionary of African Biography</u>, Oxford University Press.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Mwana Mbokahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01575491982841275224noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3042101873369162734.post-22957230046592876192020-03-24T14:33:00.004+01:002020-03-24T22:31:08.377+01:00Leopoldville 1923 – Place de la Poste<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">On July 21, 1923, the elite of Kinshasa, </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">African and </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">European, gathered to inaugurate a bust of King Albert 1er at the Place de la Poste. Only 3 weeks earlier, a Royal Decree established Leopoldville-Kinshasa as the new capital of the colony, transferring that honor from the port city of Boma (</span><i style="font-family: georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2012/01/leopoldville-1930-governor-general_17.html">Jan. 17, 2012</a></i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">). Since the colonial government’s decision in 1910 to transfer the port from its location above the rapids at Leopoldville to Kinshasa, seven kilometers upstream, the latter center had been developing rapidly as a commercial alternative to Leopoldville’s administrative role (</span><i style="font-family: georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/03/kinshasa-1883s-creation-of-trading_13.html">Mar. 13, 2011</a></i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">). The spatial requirements of this burgeoning city necessitated a more ordered land use plan, which was prepared in 1917 by newly arrived architect, Gaston Boghemans. The plan incorporated existing streets, rail lines and land use with grand diagonal boulevards intersecting to create prominent public places. The map also included the Congolese “cité”, which was growing to the south as rapidly as the European township.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_2pB-nE0iv3Exly-AQJqZ_ITWaWU5W5AYDiKa57zzeBaxz0-q_ykbug9WJCXTprk8aDJAhU7ZIHc1inPrwfAOeFaAb2xyXqDtcfBsMqumI0YC_jnP4WbKmwd-hknvr_moLSf02_isGQE/s1600/Leo+Mont+Albert%252723+innaug+fords+%2528ebay1%2529-copy_edited-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1029" data-original-width="1542" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_2pB-nE0iv3Exly-AQJqZ_ITWaWU5W5AYDiKa57zzeBaxz0-q_ykbug9WJCXTprk8aDJAhU7ZIHc1inPrwfAOeFaAb2xyXqDtcfBsMqumI0YC_jnP4WbKmwd-hknvr_moLSf02_isGQE/s640/Leo+Mont+Albert%252723+innaug+fords+%2528ebay1%2529-copy_edited-1.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">Before the ceremony (The Albert bust under wraps between the two warehouses upper right) (Author coll.) </span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bogheman's map of Kinshasa 1917 (Cocatrix)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The new statue of the King faced the Place de la Poste at the end of Avenue Militaire, created in 1892 when Lt. Richard blew up a grove of baobabs to create an army camp (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2016/04/kinshasa-2016-legacy-of-baobabs.html">Apr. 12, 2016</a>). </i>The bust depicted the King in his uniform and helmet as commander of Belgian forces at the Yser River during World War I. The sculptor is unidentified, but the bust resembles several erected in Belgium at this time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTRv5bcxZdDXOBzA0Bly4Q5puAQoezBjQkWpUvmjgaeq35rv_oL_YBa51lthT6Rd50rtNHUuLqA-0-HSfEBmQ5cqdF-puKT7Nyu2STXdWM2jrbtl7HwfoJU8zGcgL6nhxLyANu64X9EbY/s1600/Leo+Mont+Albert%252723+Poste+%2528ebay%2529-copy_edited-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1082" data-original-width="1558" height="444" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTRv5bcxZdDXOBzA0Bly4Q5puAQoezBjQkWpUvmjgaeq35rv_oL_YBa51lthT6Rd50rtNHUuLqA-0-HSfEBmQ5cqdF-puKT7Nyu2STXdWM2jrbtl7HwfoJU8zGcgL6nhxLyANu64X9EbY/s640/Leo+Mont+Albert%252723+Poste+%2528ebay%2529-copy_edited-1.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Albert bust after unveiling. Bogheman's Post Office upper left (author coll.)</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE1V7UYt0yRSMdDp2HPG_QvduXI9l2EibzxM3gjHrcKFZecfEv0E0ZbHy89SG8xwBOPn_DswBtBJQg-Ys_g7mupN-_6NHXB-QWpebfTmnNtPZCG_GTDH6gPeWphAOr-RSb_WOPLDt7fbw/s1600/Leo+Mont+Albert%252723+Old%252724+Ave+Aviateurs++%2528delcampe%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="586" data-original-width="942" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE1V7UYt0yRSMdDp2HPG_QvduXI9l2EibzxM3gjHrcKFZecfEv0E0ZbHy89SG8xwBOPn_DswBtBJQg-Ys_g7mupN-_6NHXB-QWpebfTmnNtPZCG_GTDH6gPeWphAOr-RSb_WOPLDt7fbw/s640/Leo+Mont+Albert%252723+Old%252724+Ave+Aviateurs++%2528delcampe%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Albert bust on Ave. Militaire (author coll.)</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrAktjws0mBp2WrmfT-r-82dDF4Hcm9igEB3_AHxHoyDXGb3ohoEbMtvmklMQtrF7YgVXyZBiPC9SUxuf3Pwk2bAPj9ml1ILxx8lww0lkjyZ6fCVITkXsYYxNxcp5T_2M3-m3eoKoweGE/s1600/Albert+Ier+Chimay+%2528Wikimedia%2529.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrAktjws0mBp2WrmfT-r-82dDF4Hcm9igEB3_AHxHoyDXGb3ohoEbMtvmklMQtrF7YgVXyZBiPC9SUxuf3Pwk2bAPj9ml1ILxx8lww0lkjyZ6fCVITkXsYYxNxcp5T_2M3-m3eoKoweGE/s640/Albert+Ier+Chimay+%2528Wikimedia%2529.jpeg" width="480" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A bust of King Albert in Chimay, Belgium (wikimedia)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">To the north across Ave Militaire was the new Post Office, also designed by Boghemans (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/08/leopoldville-1915-ministry-of-colonies.html">Aug. 5, 2011</a></i>), which gave the Place its name. Built in neo-classical Beaux Arts style, it set new standards of construction in brick with concrete moldings that were nonetheless adapted to the local climate and existing construction expertise. Continuing in clockwise fashion around the Place was the Sedec commercial building, a brick V-shaped structure formed by intersection of Avenues Rubens and Beernaert. Sedec (Société d’Entreprises Commerciales au Congo) was the retail arm of the Lever Brothers palm oil company (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2017/10/leopoldville-1920s-secli-and-sedec.html">Oct. 8, 2017</a></i>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKYeSYjzQXrQwLt4reHq9knG1MndedUCEJLXl5PgOYS9DjrL3-K1lHerMxHob6hHzLoFnSeom_8Mp_f07_zSiA0xQQq1f5ZTnmF3OwnVa8uWCIBlFvq7fXzFYZ2jbYeP1iCnlywDpChiA/s1600/Leo+Pl.Poste+%2526+Albert+Mont+%2528delcampe%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="646" data-original-width="1000" height="412" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKYeSYjzQXrQwLt4reHq9knG1MndedUCEJLXl5PgOYS9DjrL3-K1lHerMxHob6hHzLoFnSeom_8Mp_f07_zSiA0xQQq1f5ZTnmF3OwnVa8uWCIBlFvq7fXzFYZ2jbYeP1iCnlywDpChiA/s640/Leo+Pl.Poste+%2526+Albert+Mont+%2528delcampe%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Post Office with Sedec building on right (author coll.)</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoHGpA3pyVIy_v62ORyLBcw0_rrg0tJccrhUyPXK_gbNJnT92IP_I2PeIPsD96A3q3Yg-dfn9NZtGCBmLA9HZw3whN-o6y34RBzovNxnXdW0nmuBGn4jRxUkKMXPlYgsDYSm7Yccj6ad8/s1600/Leo+Pl.Poste%252730s+%2528delc1%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="434" data-original-width="609" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoHGpA3pyVIy_v62ORyLBcw0_rrg0tJccrhUyPXK_gbNJnT92IP_I2PeIPsD96A3q3Yg-dfn9NZtGCBmLA9HZw3whN-o6y34RBzovNxnXdW0nmuBGn4jRxUkKMXPlYgsDYSm7Yccj6ad8/s640/Leo+Pl.Poste%252730s+%2528delc1%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Place de la Post in the 1930s. Sedec building in center (author coll.)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">On the opposite side of Ave Beernaert was the two-story fabricated metal building of the Congo Trading Company of Antwerp, a firm that dated back to the Congo Free State administration. In December 1914 after five years collecting bird specimens in the interior, James Chapin, a young ornithologist with the American Museum of Natural History, returned to Kinshasa and took a room there (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/03/kinshasa-1883s-creation-of-trading_13.html">Mar. 13, 2011</a></i>). At the time the Albert monument was inaugurated, Congo Trading had gone out of business and the property acquired as the Kinshasa headquarters of the Katanga-based Foncière Immobilière Colonial (Fonico). In the mid-1930s the building housed the Amicale Francaise, the social center of the French community in Leopoldville.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMhdyNx9ghS844Hdkp9_2OmvHUCOs9rndMDlW_D75p2Qa6yx_0UCDOWDqtnf9M0Q2vpZZag1-1iwywJhh1XIVqGRP-rZDEM0GPiosvuF7zdcA2-CDVuXXPh3KLBI1beGLLbwqPhxm1Ous/s1600/Leo+Pl.Poste+Congo+Trading+Co+%2528delc2%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="620" data-original-width="1003" height="394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMhdyNx9ghS844Hdkp9_2OmvHUCOs9rndMDlW_D75p2Qa6yx_0UCDOWDqtnf9M0Q2vpZZag1-1iwywJhh1XIVqGRP-rZDEM0GPiosvuF7zdcA2-CDVuXXPh3KLBI1beGLLbwqPhxm1Ous/s640/Leo+Pl.Poste+Congo+Trading+Co+%2528delc2%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Congo Trading building. Note pousse-pousse at the curb by the stairs (author coll.)</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht5I8wlgtVIq5aOoAYR_qTlI_P8mvHpecHs1Du79bNHrFA_6Oimgkt8fW4W8blvLOx9gF8Ziai0bkW_jp9dGIdqA_xER0m96W7maEjswf4vKtm4z6DdRSnMnqsD3n7-AzX3ZYYR_5spLI/s1600/Leo+Pl.Poste+Cgo+Trading+%2526+Aviateurs+%2528ebay%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="699" data-original-width="1111" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht5I8wlgtVIq5aOoAYR_qTlI_P8mvHpecHs1Du79bNHrFA_6Oimgkt8fW4W8blvLOx9gF8Ziai0bkW_jp9dGIdqA_xER0m96W7maEjswf4vKtm4z6DdRSnMnqsD3n7-AzX3ZYYR_5spLI/s640/Leo+Pl.Poste+Cgo+Trading+%2526+Aviateurs+%2528ebay%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Congo Trading building, looking down Ave des Manguiers (author coll.)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Between Ave des Manguiers (the continuation of Ave. Militaire) and Ave de la Douane was a single-story arcaded building which became the Righini Bar. Paolo Righini also owned the Garage Mayo across the street. Righini provided taxis and rental cars and offered direct phone lines from the Hotel Cosmopolite in Leopoldville, the Wathelet Guest House in Ndolo and the Hotel Metropole in Kalina to ensure prompt response for those requesting his services. At the outset of World War II, Righini was among several Italians interned and his bar taken over by Arthur Hardy (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/06/leopoldville-1940s-restaurant-scene.html">June 28, 2011</a></i>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbq-XHS-_Ryr3BtZzToQ17LFsUhSVl46zH_xbYyrKCYF4fegzKyhlKkJdadaVHT8IFo8dFbFtZ1riqN552n5DyykQwR5VzRcJKPWfYoPM_x8Hz95RI-1ojD_DfX5sCdlzFdcEJlysUKf0/s1600/Leo+Pl.Poste%252730s+%2528delc1a%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="481" data-original-width="779" height="394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbq-XHS-_Ryr3BtZzToQ17LFsUhSVl46zH_xbYyrKCYF4fegzKyhlKkJdadaVHT8IFo8dFbFtZ1riqN552n5DyykQwR5VzRcJKPWfYoPM_x8Hz95RI-1ojD_DfX5sCdlzFdcEJlysUKf0/s640/Leo+Pl.Poste%252730s+%2528delc1a%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Righini bar and Garage Mayo in the 1930s (author coll.)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Anchoring the southwest corner of Ave Beernaert and Militaire was the two-story commercial building and adjacent warehouses of the “L’Africaine Banque d’Etudes et d’Entreprises Coloniales”. Established in 1898 during the rubber boom, the firm was declining in the 1920s and closed its Congo operations. The property was acquired by the African and Eastern Trade Corporation, another firm in the Lever Brothers empire, created in 1919 from a merger of some branches of Lever’s West African firms. In Congo, the company took over the venerable Hatton and Cookson of Liverpool. The building was originally exposed brick, like the Sedec building across the Place, but later plastered and painted white.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPfO7f0PdWMx8hdGE38ov8tVCIoRlS5ezc9yCH46Mr8HqiR6790_ZrabH813slI5oJvrC-q4xR8bHLtdQlrLuwxfCvd6jpsDp9zWsmJKKw10A0CYewA5R7dFEjZgJxY0fvDQmvUCS13Xo/s1600/Leo+Ave+Beernaert+So%252720s+%2528delcampe%2529-copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="942" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPfO7f0PdWMx8hdGE38ov8tVCIoRlS5ezc9yCH46Mr8HqiR6790_ZrabH813slI5oJvrC-q4xR8bHLtdQlrLuwxfCvd6jpsDp9zWsmJKKw10A0CYewA5R7dFEjZgJxY0fvDQmvUCS13Xo/s640/Leo+Ave+Beernaert+So%252720s+%2528delcampe%2529-copy.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A view south on Ave Beernaert. African and Eastern building on right (author coll.)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Bogheman’s original plan anticipated a major plaza at the west end of Ave. Militaire, on an axis with Place Leopold, the beginning of the road to Leopoldville, whereas the Place de la Poste was not even detailed. In July 1924, an obelisk monument to aviators killed in a crash landing at Leopoldville 1921 was inaugurated and Aves Militaire and Manguiers were renamed Avenue des Aviateurs (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2012/02/leopoldville-1924-monument-des.html">Feb. 24, 2012</a></i>). With its divided roadway and angled parking at the center, the avenue remained a premier commercial location into the Independence period.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglRMXqBou-1VtgcJaGe6yLgF3LvDXbt8yn5GoiSUqg7RyLjKmDg66vXaP_sY-Hi5Q7MhnsorrOB-7aBhDjbNLMxnfciFmbQm1HpPTwjAzQx1LwvSXWSU1XVcKR89DdQAdXilht-jrEvJw/s1600/Leo+Ave+Aviateurs+Mont+Albert+%2528delc1%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="618" data-original-width="985" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglRMXqBou-1VtgcJaGe6yLgF3LvDXbt8yn5GoiSUqg7RyLjKmDg66vXaP_sY-Hi5Q7MhnsorrOB-7aBhDjbNLMxnfciFmbQm1HpPTwjAzQx1LwvSXWSU1XVcKR89DdQAdXilht-jrEvJw/s640/Leo+Ave+Aviateurs+Mont+Albert+%2528delc1%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Albert monument with Monument des Aviateurs on right (author coll.) </td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">What happened to the Albert bust? Unlike the colonial statuary taken down throughout the country in 1971 (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/07/kinshasa-2011-personal-tour.html">July 5, 2011</a></i>), this one had been removed by the late colonial period. In June 1939, a monumental complex honoring the late King was erected in front of the Gare at the beginning of a Boulevard that would lead to Leopoldville along the old railway line (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/01/kinshasa-2010-boulevard-30-juin-comes.html">Jan. 23, 2011</a></i>). Was the bust relocated to another provincial location at that time? There were at least four identical or similar ones in Elisabethville (Lubumbashi) and Jadotville (Likasi) in Katanga, another in Matadi and one in Stanleyville (Kisangani).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgPTYOmmxXVjtOYq4TJhCljCwe_AJVBDCADkaV5GV1PKpYs0zWW5V16JLF2o9bsbRD2WUJ5USRoZHG46LFC5RQ3_0f_MJmmyiYxSdx49W-he4p6KyqFlr5KCNmtM61kpmHN7Pf0xbsgN0/s1600/Eville+Mont+Albert+bust+%2528cvelde1%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="649" data-original-width="1029" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgPTYOmmxXVjtOYq4TJhCljCwe_AJVBDCADkaV5GV1PKpYs0zWW5V16JLF2o9bsbRD2WUJ5USRoZHG46LFC5RQ3_0f_MJmmyiYxSdx49W-he4p6KyqFlr5KCNmtM61kpmHN7Pf0xbsgN0/s640/Eville+Mont+Albert+bust+%2528cvelde1%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This bust of Albert in the city park in Elisabethville dates from 1925 (author coll.)</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNtRRlBwSa0IdeMhuO1tye0OabaHk8pkxG5dEDsMfJBLRuYTu__hoIWfIX97FjP8LPYtl1eOmnEH8XbMLcH67idDZbcYIDG_s_2n4AoB_qwXQW9NIyw5GQX6YBsqCXuCKU_FN399gAm2E/s1600/Stan+Mont+Albert+%2528delc1%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="995" data-original-width="1562" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNtRRlBwSa0IdeMhuO1tye0OabaHk8pkxG5dEDsMfJBLRuYTu__hoIWfIX97FjP8LPYtl1eOmnEH8XbMLcH67idDZbcYIDG_s_2n4AoB_qwXQW9NIyw5GQX6YBsqCXuCKU_FN399gAm2E/s640/Stan+Mont+Albert+%2528delc1%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">In Stanleyville, the bust was located in the heart of the commercial district (author coll.)</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtymIZlg3mK3W2JC3hMQvfD_VSHJpbY_0bNXCNdrmy-dM8ddIRmSSW1ri0flU_GTdllaFmJNagbsOoJOzaSp8kKrh9BzHV_TWO3iEPb2DnMB6ChuHRgmzUiWHI_NyNBEDbxVkEbU0TChs/s1600/Matadi+Mont+Albert+%2528delc2a%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1051" data-original-width="1600" height="420" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtymIZlg3mK3W2JC3hMQvfD_VSHJpbY_0bNXCNdrmy-dM8ddIRmSSW1ri0flU_GTdllaFmJNagbsOoJOzaSp8kKrh9BzHV_TWO3iEPb2DnMB6ChuHRgmzUiWHI_NyNBEDbxVkEbU0TChs/s640/Matadi+Mont+Albert+%2528delc2a%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">In Matadi the Albert bust was located in the square next to the Hotel Metropole (r.) (author coll.)</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi12hMmCCFkbRt5awQbMmj-SfLqemyoZwNM4ijj_yk0JVg3axrwR5fm4A7NrC31-7nyRV-fUw1J0OBz_h2PQIk2n9e611qZOpX55latuW7DWYMVvo-UFVpq4AfA3mKbcYOrpLiwVJ0Y8eU/s1600/Jville+Mont+Albert%252740ca+%2528delc1%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="511" data-original-width="820" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi12hMmCCFkbRt5awQbMmj-SfLqemyoZwNM4ijj_yk0JVg3axrwR5fm4A7NrC31-7nyRV-fUw1J0OBz_h2PQIk2n9e611qZOpX55latuW7DWYMVvo-UFVpq4AfA3mKbcYOrpLiwVJ0Y8eU/s640/Jville+Mont+Albert%252740ca+%2528delc1%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Inaugurating the Albert monument in Jadotville in the 1940s. Was the Leopoldville bust relocated there? (author coll.)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">In the 1950s the Post Office became the Musée de la Vie Indigene after the main Post Office moved to a new building Boulevard Albert in 1954 (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/02/leopoldville-1956-tourist-circuit-ii.html">Feb. 20, 2011</a></i>). In the late 1960s, it was demolished to make way for the Bank Belge d’Afrique’s seven-story headquarters building. The Belgian owners withdrew in 1988 and it became the Banque Congolaise, which folded in January 2011 following allegations of money laundering. In a startling repurposing, the building became the not-so-secret headquarters of the security service, the Agence National de Renseignements (ANR). The ANR closed half of Ave des Aviateurs and part of Ave de la Nation in a further truncating of the Avenue started up the street in the 2000s by the US Embassy and Monusco.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4oFUENIchs6O-j36SarNRxE7R7VbWv6Y_-yqkb1hRDsxxAA55Fwmkqef66wzOiKqWGRfklE7pU59_XMmHCg2vWl7O3Hn2CpDx8IS076ZopBp8etbCbSpmmHc0zlRpJA65bVQ8WrxozyM/s1600/Leo+Poste+Old%252761+Musee+%2528Forman-uwm.edu%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="490" data-original-width="729" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4oFUENIchs6O-j36SarNRxE7R7VbWv6Y_-yqkb1hRDsxxAA55Fwmkqef66wzOiKqWGRfklE7pU59_XMmHCg2vWl7O3Hn2CpDx8IS076ZopBp8etbCbSpmmHc0zlRpJA65bVQ8WrxozyM/s640/Leo+Poste+Old%252761+Musee+%2528Forman-uwm.edu%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The old Post Office as the Musee de la Vie Indigene in 1961 (H.Foreman, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee digital coll.)</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1ca_RzAx2tAs-G_2wQ2PdOFUei9Q3OM7LQmn8zrnv-p_hLkhQS-tHoTj19pOv48HWjzcPcqsK01YyJyWkhtZgtfVjufUiwvXf-kv4KqH_Q4mNCLEpx4vbNju4YHwLHqcjamm34JfK8E0/s1600/Leo+Pl.Poste+aerial%252750s+%2528delcampe1a%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="643" data-original-width="1001" height="410" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1ca_RzAx2tAs-G_2wQ2PdOFUei9Q3OM7LQmn8zrnv-p_hLkhQS-tHoTj19pOv48HWjzcPcqsK01YyJyWkhtZgtfVjufUiwvXf-kv4KqH_Q4mNCLEpx4vbNju4YHwLHqcjamm34JfK8E0/s640/Leo+Pl.Poste+aerial%252750s+%2528delcampe1a%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Place de la Poste in the 1950s (author coll.)</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUHjPougr2fYdUz3z9SvCxtNP6YhW70K9jmbPJEJPkN-pZtEjeqvfhhyLnBuFmcDWGrSzt3w2iC6DDg2fYTfHfcLkXeMnTW4v1Pub-I37YC1hbI6drdSU1XDcmorhR4mL8ol-npx_yOuI/s1600/Kin+AMI%252716+%2528SS02%2529-copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUHjPougr2fYdUz3z9SvCxtNP6YhW70K9jmbPJEJPkN-pZtEjeqvfhhyLnBuFmcDWGrSzt3w2iC6DDg2fYTfHfcLkXeMnTW4v1Pub-I37YC1hbI6drdSU1XDcmorhR4mL8ol-npx_yOuI/s640/Kin+AMI%252716+%2528SS02%2529-copy.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The ANR building in 2016 (l.), AMI building (center). (author coll.)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The Sedec building was acquired by a South Asian importer called Union Africaine de Commerce (UAC), established in 1975 selling high end furniture and appliances. The Sedec building was likely acquired in the mid-1980s when Unilever was divesting its Zairian holdings. The name UAC harked back to the United Africa Company, part of the Unilever empire of which Sedec was a part.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The Fonico building was demolished sometime in the late 1930s and in the late 1940s the corner location was chosen for the new headquarters of the Agence Maritime International, the colonial shipping agency. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcRVkuAmX7nqzxl_mKn-LUSEVaj5JhLbtJe22RwI7Pi-bMJ0bWieaETsCggNMprr-V6-gnvzZWzWRLYjLVjMisyOylhDVKaSBjPUDGNlJKfEg7k-Smj35yowJvZEE8YIvtZ2O62Sqlglk/s1600/Kin+Pl.Poste%252718+UAC+%2528SS01%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcRVkuAmX7nqzxl_mKn-LUSEVaj5JhLbtJe22RwI7Pi-bMJ0bWieaETsCggNMprr-V6-gnvzZWzWRLYjLVjMisyOylhDVKaSBjPUDGNlJKfEg7k-Smj35yowJvZEE8YIvtZ2O62Sqlglk/s640/Kin+Pl.Poste%252718+UAC+%2528SS01%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">UAC building center left, AMI building right. Ave Equateur was under reconstruction when photo taken (author coll.)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The Righini Bar, later the Hardy Bar, then the Café Rubbens, and which was the best source of ice cream in the 1950s, reopened as the Belgian Cultural Center, the Centre Wallonie de Bruxelles, in the 2005.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhreXtl0Po1PuM9zykNoAT-E9_CmujyOqalsjdn0ggWx6tRWWGum05WaWTDkRKfmhyfzxMaTkqbKIkTOmbi1CeiyqKBUJ_pgT_ku96MS7-j7K3YEgnr7fqphRW7HFbnaA6o6bI5CS5SWwg/s1600/Kin+Ctr+Wallonie%252717+%2528SS01%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhreXtl0Po1PuM9zykNoAT-E9_CmujyOqalsjdn0ggWx6tRWWGum05WaWTDkRKfmhyfzxMaTkqbKIkTOmbi1CeiyqKBUJ_pgT_ku96MS7-j7K3YEgnr7fqphRW7HFbnaA6o6bI5CS5SWwg/s640/Kin+Ctr+Wallonie%252717+%2528SS01%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Centre Wallonie de Bruxelles. (author coll.)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The Garage Mayo was demolished in the years leading up to Independence. In the 1960s, a 4-story building was erected which became one of the agencies of the parastatal insurance company, SONAS.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjs26INaXUnNgJ8GOxY-lZYLiSTp3LeVOIBYa1712hh2WghJn6olpjaum-YCFh-KbMRpDbXFyG4fVpZm3fcYXHrbadNNiJcKmA0evdtR7VANLp9Nfn5Z8Tll0k2oSGYX6rVkogakpur_k/s1600/Kin+SONAS+Ave+Eq%252718+%2528SS01%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjs26INaXUnNgJ8GOxY-lZYLiSTp3LeVOIBYa1712hh2WghJn6olpjaum-YCFh-KbMRpDbXFyG4fVpZm3fcYXHrbadNNiJcKmA0evdtR7VANLp9Nfn5Z8Tll0k2oSGYX6rVkogakpur_k/s640/Kin+SONAS+Ave+Eq%252718+%2528SS01%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The SONAS building. (author coll.)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The African and Eastern building was acquired by Lebanese owners of City Market, about the same time UAC acquired the Sedec property. The classical lines of the original building are covered in panels to suggest cohesion of several buildings patched together.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOm5RAX4jwjTHZjRFe2rfMVXXysbiMzxEqE50MrNT1gw5NMJ6OQMTPXXTqKjdD2wjDft-leV3Krgf4lpMXpgrz0UqMl75EiqPTIUeKNFnciqye170Yup09iPASdcjm9MO8iFQGbNMXul8/s1600/Kin+City+Market+%2528SS%2529+036-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOm5RAX4jwjTHZjRFe2rfMVXXysbiMzxEqE50MrNT1gw5NMJ6OQMTPXXTqKjdD2wjDft-leV3Krgf4lpMXpgrz0UqMl75EiqPTIUeKNFnciqye170Yup09iPASdcjm9MO8iFQGbNMXul8/s640/Kin+City+Market+%2528SS%2529+036-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">City Market facing Ave Equateur (author coll.)</td></tr>
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<b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Sources</span></b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">Cocatrix Anne-Laure, 2013. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Atlas Archives, Boulevard du 30 juin Kinshasa: </span><a href="https://issuu.com/anne-laurecocatrix/docs/annexes_atlas"><span lang="FR" style="color: blue;">https://issuu.com/anne-laurecocatrix/docs/annexes_atlas</span></a><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">University of Wisconsin Milwaukee Digital Photo Archive (collections.lib.uwm.edu)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Mwana Mbokahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01575491982841275224noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3042101873369162734.post-7080319857908726832020-02-27T21:00:00.004+01:002020-02-27T21:13:30.779+01:00Leopoldville 1958 – Le Plein Vent restaurant <div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Colonial Leopoldville was a creation by and for Europeans. Notwithstanding the presence of numerous Congolese settlements on the Congo River at the time of Stanley’s arrival in 1881 <i>(<a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2017/05/leopoldville-1881-kinshasas-original.html">May 22, 2017</a></i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2017/05/leopoldville-1881-kinshasas-original.html">)</a>, the choice and development of this particular location was made entirely in consideration of its utility as a late Industrial Revolution transportation nexus, linking a rail line from the coast to steamboats servicing the fan of rivers stretching into the interior of the vast colony. While the focus of this blog is the built environment of Kinshasa – then and now – it is not the intention to dwell on the accomplishments of Europeans. However, few people since Stanley (except perhaps Mobutu Sese Seko) have had as much influence on the urban development of the city as Joseph Rhodius.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC1YH7-34w7Li6Z9aIpwFSa4dLzgyi96hFpvqOp7djIdm3m-vnAbIKbzFHRbztJPD2IiKa5yJHZdLTLA-2I-pjwas47FqyOXO7BbnThh910M0P3DzCmf1kZuf7AJPWqkravgQzxqs41GM/s1600/Leo+station%252781+%2528delcampe1a%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="436" data-original-width="819" height="339" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC1YH7-34w7Li6Z9aIpwFSa4dLzgyi96hFpvqOp7djIdm3m-vnAbIKbzFHRbztJPD2IiKa5yJHZdLTLA-2I-pjwas47FqyOXO7BbnThh910M0P3DzCmf1kZuf7AJPWqkravgQzxqs41GM/s640/Leo+station%252781+%2528delcampe1a%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , "freeserif" , serif; font-size: 10.8192px;">Leopoldville station 1882 (Author coll.)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Joseph Dieudonné Rhodius arrived in Congo in 1912 on a six-month contract to identify limestone deposits for a cement factory. This task quickly completed, he signed on with the Matadi-Leopoldville railway (Compagnie du Chemin de fer du Congo) which sent him to Leopoldville to complete construction of the Hotel ABC <i>(<a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/03/kinshasa-1914-hotel-abc-opens-its-doors.html">Mar. 27, 2011)</a>.</i> In July 1914, he became the Director of Synkin <i>(<a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2012/06/leopoldville-1913-synkin-begins.html">June 18, 2012</a>)</i>, before starting his own business empire. As President of the Kinshasa’s Stanley Pool Chamber of Commerce and member of the Comité Urbain for several years, he was able to influence urban development on a number of levels. Beginning with what became the largest industrial employer in the city (TEXAF and the Utexléo textile plant), this led to the construction of two dams on the Inkisi River (at Sanga and Zongo) to supply his factory and the city, a piped water distribution service, palm oil plantations and cattle ranches in Ngaliema Commune and finally real estate development, including the Rhodeby subdivision in Ngaliema which was subsumed into Mobutu’s Camp Tshatshi after Independence. Within the prism of paternalism, he was also concerned about the Congolese, advocating for adequate rations for plantation workers, developing education (St. Joseph school at Ste. Anne parish was named in recognition of his patronage), recreation facilities (Stades Astrid, Ermens and Baudouin), the Scout movement and health facilities (Kintambo Hospital which was originally built by the Utexléo Foundation). </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBUT4Oo2p0DrO_65evNFToGbV3rROUpCvpkRU9mrb63HxXIU0CQiAGMuenH5NNeD1s_JPbRUaS0A9_ksUn28rq4Qsmh9Yo_KfWIVO_TWbGgmf3hxz0foi1r9Ad7iXQhE8IO54GwENOjhQ/s1600/Leo+Texaf+Aerial%252720s+%2528wikinshasa1%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="497" data-original-width="757" height="420" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBUT4Oo2p0DrO_65evNFToGbV3rROUpCvpkRU9mrb63HxXIU0CQiAGMuenH5NNeD1s_JPbRUaS0A9_ksUn28rq4Qsmh9Yo_KfWIVO_TWbGgmf3hxz0foi1r9Ad7iXQhE8IO54GwENOjhQ/s640/Leo+Texaf+Aerial%252720s+%2528wikinshasa1%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , "freeserif" , serif; font-size: 10.8192px;">The TEXAF textile complex in the 1920s. Congo River at upper left (wikinshasa.org)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Leaving Synkin in April 1922, he created Rhodius Freres, an import-export firm. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">To capitalize the new firm, he contributed property held in Brazzaville and a lot at Aves Villas and Jardins (now Aves. Kalemie & Kolwezi) in Leopoldville, while his brothers sold property at the intersection of Aves. Cite (now Tabu Ley) Marais and Plateau. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The new company built its main office near the port on Ave Ministre Rubbens (now Nation), in the heart of Kinshasa’s commercial district. During the Minister of the Colonies’ visit that year, Rhodius gave a speech as President of the Chamber of Commerce, urging decent treatment for workers in order to obtain maximum productivity from them. In November 1925 he obtained a 2000-hectare agricultural concession from the Colony in the Binza hills west of Leopoldville in (Ngaliema Commune), which became the Domaine de Rhodeby, a contraction of his and his wife’s names.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRa8aNjOTJahYc3p7HKtMVY3GZ5drNFGX6puA89TM3x7RbNo1ADwO6I-2zqyBXY7PT8KZGDp3DTJ3LyB_F9CQ5_XpUE0DbqFCa64sX32ciPa2FfIMD-kZFJ9JGUjWBorLczt2kqy1Dn4E/s1600/Leo+Ave+Rubbens+Rhodius+Frs+%2528LIFE%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="862" data-original-width="1280" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRa8aNjOTJahYc3p7HKtMVY3GZ5drNFGX6puA89TM3x7RbNo1ADwO6I-2zqyBXY7PT8KZGDp3DTJ3LyB_F9CQ5_XpUE0DbqFCa64sX32ciPa2FfIMD-kZFJ9JGUjWBorLczt2kqy1Dn4E/s640/Leo+Ave+Rubbens+Rhodius+Frs+%2528LIFE%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , "freeserif" , serif; font-size: 10.8192px;">Rhodius Freres store on Ave. Rubbens (Life magazine, 1920s)</span></td></tr>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color: #0563c1;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The TEXAF textile mill was created in 1925 with capital from the Lagache interests in Antwerp. The site, a 45-hectare concession between Kalina and Leopoldville Ouest, was leased from the Colony (<i><a href="https://www.blogger.com/%3Chttp://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/07/kinshasa-2011-architecture-tour-redux.html">July 3, 2011</a></i>). By 1927, Rhodius had become the manager (Administrateur Délégué) in Leopoldville, and the Texaf balance sheet included Fr.4.75 million in assets from his investments in Rhodeby and a subsidiary, Rhokasai.<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzb5j4uJAcV_hZW5AZLycCJuNuqdHgZ1nrnaDvxPQMY7CB8LJhNCFh-Qlg_6yfFGzhSgWIrgizg7rq3E91XVCjYEY6Id0dtizdv-3fGPJz83vykb4g5qf25d8H3OBTZ_kCuYJm_Ryz9Co/s1600/Leo+Texaf%252727-06+Transport+%2528texaf.be1%2529-copy.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="570" data-original-width="709" height="514" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzb5j4uJAcV_hZW5AZLycCJuNuqdHgZ1nrnaDvxPQMY7CB8LJhNCFh-Qlg_6yfFGzhSgWIrgizg7rq3E91XVCjYEY6Id0dtizdv-3fGPJz83vykb4g5qf25d8H3OBTZ_kCuYJm_Ryz9Co/s640/Leo+Texaf%252727-06+Transport+%2528texaf.be1%2529-copy.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , "freeserif" , serif; font-size: 10.8192px;">The first buildings under construction at TEXAF June 1927 (texaf.be)</span></td></tr>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color: #0563c1;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The growing factory required a regular supply of water. In October 1929, TEXAF and the Colony, along with minor partner <i>Compagnie de l’Ozone</i> in Belgium, created a municipal water distribution company, the <i>Société de Distribution d’eau de Léopoldville</i> (when Rhodius was Director of Synkin in 1920, that company created the first piped water supply for the city with a pumping station on the Congo River at Ndolo). The new project called for tapping the Lukunga River in Binza to produce 1000 m3/hr of filtered water. A 12-kilometer pipeline carried the water to Leopoldville. Several villages had to be relocated to preserve the watershed. Rhodeby was assured to receive piped water at the same rates as the rest of the city. The following year, the capital was raised to 35 million francs. In September the Colony sold 4 hectares of land on the Binza road to the company to build an Ozone water treatment plant (giving the name “Ozone” to that neighborhood). When Prince Leopold III and Princess Astrid visited in January 1933, Rhodeby and the water works was one of the stops on their tour of the city.<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4PJUv8oUwmjWNXxij-jgMxE_F7YYR94CxaoNaqs7HJWyQHSuuCj6lEGpfx7Z16pCbtVG3iDYaugmousQgaSoAeaazl5UF6cpk_7xX1WZEeU5spb6UWhM40ZYmWdtGF7dSQnYtF_mmOYs/s1600/Leo+Water+tower+%2528dingus%2529-copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="504" data-original-width="330" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4PJUv8oUwmjWNXxij-jgMxE_F7YYR94CxaoNaqs7HJWyQHSuuCj6lEGpfx7Z16pCbtVG3iDYaugmousQgaSoAeaazl5UF6cpk_7xX1WZEeU5spb6UWhM40ZYmWdtGF7dSQnYtF_mmOYs/s640/Leo+Water+tower+%2528dingus%2529-copy.JPG" width="418" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">Water tower from the earlier Synkin system (Author coll.)</span></td></tr>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color: #0563c1;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">In March 1933, the colonial government created the Régie des Distributions d’eau de la Colonie (Regideso) to amalgamate existing water systems in Boma, Matadi, Coquilhatville and Stanleyville under a quasi-public utility. Notably Leopoldville was not included in this scheme. By this time, however, the guaranteed production rates enjoyed by the Leopoldville concessionaire were too onerous for the Depression-era Colonial budget and in September the following year company was dissolved and taken over by Regideso. The Colony bought out Texaf’s 48% holding in the water company and merged it into Regideso. At the same time, commitments of another Texaf subsidiary, <i>Société Hydro-électrique de Sanga</i>, to provide electrical power to the Colony at cost were rescinded.<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjBBANoRsrqMw7YXfpE0uSHaxf8oKU0wXtYeMbkSH4T47uvTV_tW39l8zJ2O-bWOzn3AnSfR9llmgFNl4t_gk_yXuDYeJnxLn3TOTilwKy-iM0G6dvxiOQJc_ly4TZizwNpoa2QZcvFpY/s1600/Leo+Regideso+Ozone%252759+%2528vanlierde.ceges2%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="457" data-original-width="614" height="476" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjBBANoRsrqMw7YXfpE0uSHaxf8oKU0wXtYeMbkSH4T47uvTV_tW39l8zJ2O-bWOzn3AnSfR9llmgFNl4t_gk_yXuDYeJnxLn3TOTilwKy-iM0G6dvxiOQJc_ly4TZizwNpoa2QZcvFpY/s640/Leo+Regideso+Ozone%252759+%2528vanlierde.ceges2%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">The water treatment plant at Ozone in the mid 1950s (Author coll.)</span></td></tr>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color: #0563c1;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The <i>Société Hydro-électrique de Sanga</i>, was created because the machines in the expanding textile plant were powered by electricity. Since diesel generation was very costly, in June 1930, TEXAF began building the Sanga hydro-electric dam on the Inkisi River some 70 kilometers southwest of the capital. In addition to providing power for the TEXAF factory, Sanga also concluded an agreement to deliver electricity to Colectric, the colonial utility that operated a diesel-electric generating plant serving the city. In July 1932 the 5,550 KWH, Sanga facility came on line when Governor Tilkens flipped the switch to send power to the capital. Colectric placed its diesel plant, located on the Leopoldville road (opposite the current Russian Embassy on Ave Justice), in back-up reserve in case of unanticipated cuts from the dam site. While no longer directly involved in municipal water or electricity provision, Rhodius’ companies had created the basis for the new colonial capital’s urban utilities. <u><o:p></o:p></u></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXvfkwHT0mwR_O0CW_ifIS5jiyPciUngreZv1jDxoteJrJzWcx4YuYMc73DajtMa99GIU5RIIZSlXlQ0a4KGS3ecqC5D3IqMZBFrt_Jgc8yPJl4ogW20IvKXvz4Ssim_FqM_VEIes970A/s1600/Sanga+Turbines%252732+%2528delc%2529_edited-1-copy-copy-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="623" data-original-width="912" height="436" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXvfkwHT0mwR_O0CW_ifIS5jiyPciUngreZv1jDxoteJrJzWcx4YuYMc73DajtMa99GIU5RIIZSlXlQ0a4KGS3ecqC5D3IqMZBFrt_Jgc8yPJl4ogW20IvKXvz4Ssim_FqM_VEIes970A/s640/Sanga+Turbines%252732+%2528delc%2529_edited-1-copy-copy-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">Installation of the turbines at Sanga - January 1932 (Author coll.)</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZqoakOtzxeGJHyjOkCds1vBgCFoJFwEs8Waa7y9kUBvAWnZss6mHfjd4vKyneGSVKtBDeQh-irdk2RNPGQwL9QULIJc3rJt-RbogNNXmGoTKdbdO4kgtr2I1aBU13ERyWWOifzIXhm08/s1600/Sanga+power+station%252752+Ph.Lamotte+%2528ebay%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1211" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZqoakOtzxeGJHyjOkCds1vBgCFoJFwEs8Waa7y9kUBvAWnZss6mHfjd4vKyneGSVKtBDeQh-irdk2RNPGQwL9QULIJc3rJt-RbogNNXmGoTKdbdO4kgtr2I1aBU13ERyWWOifzIXhm08/s640/Sanga+power+station%252752+Ph.Lamotte+%2528ebay%2529-copy.jpg" width="484" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">The Sanga complex after expansion in 1952 (Author coll.)</span></td></tr>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color: #0563c1;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">In March 1934, the company reorganized. TEXAF assets were transferred to create a holding company, the Société Immobilière, Agricole et Forestière du Congo (IMAFOR). IMAFOR was intended to undertake real estate investments and issue mortgage loans, engage in construction and sale of construction materials, rental and property management, and notably, development and operation of public utilities, including water and electricity. TEXAF contributed all its land holdings to the new firm, except for 11.5 hectares in Leopoldville. This included the 2000 hectares in Binza acquired by TEXAF in 1925 and another 689 hectares obtained in Binza in July 1933. The Credit Anversois, the original investor in TEXAF, maintained its 50% share in the new company. At the same time, another company, Usines Textiles de Léopoldville (Utexléo), was created to operate the textile mill. The capital was comprised of the physical plant, machines and stock as well as the 11.5 hectares withheld from IMAFOR’s property inventory. All previous commitments made to the Sanga hydro-electric dam were assumed by the new company. In 1936, IMAFOR was granted a five-year concession on 300 hectares at Kinsuka on the river below Rhodeby.<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhekrLr0EIlWBC_NkGo-86eKlbGRsvViS9ReEsyDOiAfIlV2XPHwusWmz81WEgurSs0zbhxmlLjKs2IuI3pS_xDWoAHbtkc97bWmjRHmxhK2WqJogKcrUaJBc-ZI7JNuXCaVQ2NsCv-knU/s1600/Leo+Kinsuka+Domain+Rhodeby+%2528SS1%2529-copy-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1204" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhekrLr0EIlWBC_NkGo-86eKlbGRsvViS9ReEsyDOiAfIlV2XPHwusWmz81WEgurSs0zbhxmlLjKs2IuI3pS_xDWoAHbtkc97bWmjRHmxhK2WqJogKcrUaJBc-ZI7JNuXCaVQ2NsCv-knU/s640/Leo+Kinsuka+Domain+Rhodeby+%2528SS1%2529-copy-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">Fish ponds at Rhodeby near the rapids at Kinsuka (Author coll.) </span></td></tr>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color: #0563c1;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">By this time, Rhodius Freres had vacated the property on Ave Ministre Rubbens, which was now converted to the Cinema Central. The “<i>l’Eveil de l’AEF</i>”, a weekly published in Brazzaville, reported on a boxing match in April 1935 held in the “Grande Salle” behind the Cinema, in space provided by Rhodius Freres. Tickets were Fr.10 for Europeans and Fr.2 for Congolese. In March 1938, Texaf provided space for the recently created Musée de la Vie Indigene, which included a sales office where art from around the country could be sold (<a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/02/leopoldville-1956-tourist-circuit-ii.html"><i>Feb.20, 2011</i>)</a>.<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYAx-K1kfBHcckwPut3o1uLzDWoD3_HdE8-cSGNyVSknjFL5TrGp-V6bSHLLuFUDENkaHSTFGhge5c6iaoFCPqd6XxDz8K2OMWG026RRaV32jK7f-j_9z0rbo0JPISrLeD9KOz6Ch9YEk/s1600/Leo+Cine+Central%252737+%2528E.Hoppe-corbis%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="345" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYAx-K1kfBHcckwPut3o1uLzDWoD3_HdE8-cSGNyVSknjFL5TrGp-V6bSHLLuFUDENkaHSTFGhge5c6iaoFCPqd6XxDz8K2OMWG026RRaV32jK7f-j_9z0rbo0JPISrLeD9KOz6Ch9YEk/s640/Leo+Cine+Central%252737+%2528E.Hoppe-corbis%2529-copy.jpg" width="460" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">The original Rhodius Freres store converted to cinema (Author coll.)</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibY5bLGlpOODQbhU0vskHjAxQjKEI7AJcN1Goixg150BuHLEemjoEbetcEYkVeybXM6Uywnmm0odFQ1r17-y567NGPxXx3B1vpp3bhRW0Gsp5ueE8uiyoaq83L6psLtBaoXpeaFm9JUlE/s1600/Leo+Musee%252738+Utex+%2528Raymaeckers%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="964" data-original-width="1308" height="470" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibY5bLGlpOODQbhU0vskHjAxQjKEI7AJcN1Goixg150BuHLEemjoEbetcEYkVeybXM6Uywnmm0odFQ1r17-y567NGPxXx3B1vpp3bhRW0Gsp5ueE8uiyoaq83L6psLtBaoXpeaFm9JUlE/s640/Leo+Musee%252738+Utex+%2528Raymaeckers%2529.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">The first locale of the Musee de la Vie Indigene in TEXAF property - 1938 (Raymaekers, 2017)</span></td></tr>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color: #0563c1;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Utexleo produced 1.3 million meters of textiles for the domestic market in 1939, up from 6000 meters a decade earlier. This phenomenal expansion was due in part to tariffs which discouraged importing Japanese goods. At the beginning of the war, against the advice of the Texaf board in Brussels, Rhodius travelled to the US to obtain new equipment. The existing plant was expanded to include 3 hectares of new buildings. By the end of 1943, with new machines acquired from the US, production reached 3 million meters, an accomplishment further facilitated by forced cotton production in many regions of the country (implemented by Cotonco and its subsidiaries, on which Rhodius served as Administrator).<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXGyfWIWb3YurwbzTrl4oqIXFABxqBIvaPjl2AUIucolryBWIBpto4jXTy0d4Dnvqy-o8Kk-kJj1FDl1lt2s_Q4aCE2ce_SnPM98XGr1_5LC49kwALJjPpNpA1UzQVR5e0eIN68epPcgA/s1600/Leo+Utex+Pub+%2528delc1%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="521" data-original-width="784" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXGyfWIWb3YurwbzTrl4oqIXFABxqBIvaPjl2AUIucolryBWIBpto4jXTy0d4Dnvqy-o8Kk-kJj1FDl1lt2s_Q4aCE2ce_SnPM98XGr1_5LC49kwALJjPpNpA1UzQVR5e0eIN68epPcgA/s640/Leo+Utex+Pub+%2528delc1%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">Advertisement for Utexleo (Author coll.)</span></td></tr>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color: #0563c1;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">In September 1943 as well, Rhodius created USI, the Utexleo, Sanga and Imafor Association for the Improvement of the African workforce. Concerned about the extreme demands of the war effort on productivity, the big companies were engaged in “hearts and minds” initiatives toward their African workers, creating social funds, especially after bloody worker strikes at mining sites in Elisabethville and Manono in 1941. However, when European employees of Utexleo struck in October 1945, the Africans staff did not join the action and at the Sanga hydro dam, Congolese ensured the facility continued to operate throughout the strike. <u><o:p></o:p></u></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn0v9TZmgqofJio8fB-D1wklki6FL0RFdC5D0LnP3Mzf_4U8H0Cz0H2s5avWg_zNu9g7h5txVPKFvvIEfOKYCnnZbo0Dt_-Z2xeurR4srRM6-FIE5NR-Qnqskr1__1i68JHqHJ610tDqU/s1600/Leo+Utex%252750+Bobinoires+%2528ebay1%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="893" data-original-width="685" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn0v9TZmgqofJio8fB-D1wklki6FL0RFdC5D0LnP3Mzf_4U8H0Cz0H2s5avWg_zNu9g7h5txVPKFvvIEfOKYCnnZbo0Dt_-Z2xeurR4srRM6-FIE5NR-Qnqskr1__1i68JHqHJ610tDqU/s640/Leo+Utex%252750+Bobinoires+%2528ebay1%2529-copy.jpg" width="490" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">Setting the bobbins at Utexleo in the 1950s (Author coll.)</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRJLnnFpubJ3Hr44mY_PDKPBMTXd80Zw0RrrMN2QFlQiaQtXt38rTkb3Qtl7sqAHVdtmlON0VixDa9FNCgmPm476dGuIwp24OpIbuD_5fbeMH2DBI88jvFtRS2i3kWa-RiEIgY8W5IqrA/s1600/Sanga+Dam+Ctrl+Room+%2528delc%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="635" data-original-width="854" height="474" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRJLnnFpubJ3Hr44mY_PDKPBMTXd80Zw0RrrMN2QFlQiaQtXt38rTkb3Qtl7sqAHVdtmlON0VixDa9FNCgmPm476dGuIwp24OpIbuD_5fbeMH2DBI88jvFtRS2i3kWa-RiEIgY8W5IqrA/s640/Sanga+Dam+Ctrl+Room+%2528delc%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">Sanga power station control room - 1950s (Author coll.)</span></td></tr>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color: #0563c1;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The first project of USI was a three-year professional school, including dormitory facilities for external students, which opened in 1945. Tuition was free for all students who were accepted in the program. Another project Rhodius was involved in to benefit the Congolese in Leopoldville was the Parc des Sports General Ermens, which was inaugurated on Easter day 1946. Initiated by Father Raphael de la Kethulle (Tata Raphael) in 1941, Rhodius chaired the committee that shepherded the project to fruition throughout the resource-limited war years. Construction of the 8-hectare complex was launched in 1943 under Public Works architect Marcel Hentenryck (who also designed the Public Market in that year and later the adjacent Stade Baudouin, now Stade Tata Raphael (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/02/leopoldville-1956-tourist-circuit.html">Feb. 6, 2011</a></i>). The Art Deco complex included a large swimming pool, 5 football pitches, 9 tennis courts and other facilities.<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxVzBTvZKf7YXgsK0G-0A_tWo8qX7iDhtDvQR6M0yGeVSpnhCSKzahXuZ3pLpSohyhM67fcrC68mG-Hos1_D62nQfCc2retuw3mQYcYJAiBLBNzbkLV6dVwOFuWk2wSq-6vRC0U2KFj-c/s1600/Leo+Stade+Ermens+Entr+%2528NWU1%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="1600" height="472" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxVzBTvZKf7YXgsK0G-0A_tWo8qX7iDhtDvQR6M0yGeVSpnhCSKzahXuZ3pLpSohyhM67fcrC68mG-Hos1_D62nQfCc2retuw3mQYcYJAiBLBNzbkLV6dVwOFuWk2wSq-6vRC0U2KFj-c/s640/Leo+Stade+Ermens+Entr+%2528NWU1%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">The entrance to Parc des Sports General Ermens upon completion (U.Wisconsin Milwaukee digital archives)</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7uAord1bhbFUY9smOqKIGHuUA1-Zx8A_4WzmLCzmG_6hKAXwzT7mPQVuBO-Q-oUcSJmUUpYMzqDjaLumD-ElD_z40bfOn3DfJ5SmDbzQxoR2LyDqdiujOHJjyKWMId9Vqri58BQg12Go/s1600/Leo+Stade+Ermens+Pool+%2528NWU1%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1201" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7uAord1bhbFUY9smOqKIGHuUA1-Zx8A_4WzmLCzmG_6hKAXwzT7mPQVuBO-Q-oUcSJmUUpYMzqDjaLumD-ElD_z40bfOn3DfJ5SmDbzQxoR2LyDqdiujOHJjyKWMId9Vqri58BQg12Go/s640/Leo+Stade+Ermens+Pool+%2528NWU1%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">The pool at Parc des Sports Gen. Ermens (U.Wisconsin Milwaukee digital archives)</span></td></tr>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color: #0563c1;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Two years later, Governor General Jungers laid the foundation stone for Stade Baudouin. Rhodius was there to assist as President of the Comité de Patronage of the Parc des Sports.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color: #0563c1;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Earlier that year, Utexleo created a native welfare society, Fonds de Bien-être Indigene Utexleo, independent of USI. In March 1951, the Foundation began construction a 150-bed hospital for Utexleo employees in nearby Kintambo. Designed by the architect, Ilensky, the new facility opened in 1953 (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/04/leopoldville-1911-kintambo-cite-created.html">Apr. 30, 2011</a></i>).<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2Z9hjLv6UjhgTR8f_GIoxYRfSeTpKjZ9CyBrWaTajet_Mor8yuJ7vqwoPJDT-oZP_42flMaHfJ330njvU6Cank73mAuTVyfCpUwNW3uM7gVeflSI5I335z7TYBlNRTLRkKmHeLIxe_wI/s1600/Rhodius%252C+Jungers%2527480704+Stade+%2528delc1%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="543" data-original-width="591" height="588" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2Z9hjLv6UjhgTR8f_GIoxYRfSeTpKjZ9CyBrWaTajet_Mor8yuJ7vqwoPJDT-oZP_42flMaHfJ330njvU6Cank73mAuTVyfCpUwNW3uM7gVeflSI5I335z7TYBlNRTLRkKmHeLIxe_wI/s640/Rhodius%252C+Jungers%2527480704+Stade+%2528delc1%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">Rhodius and Governor General Jungers lay the foundation stone for Stade Baudouin - July 1948 (Author coll.)</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9bWQMmXZK7_hJLS8XlH_ORFjUM1FTeRsgYjzXHsaGWj9bfPn8u3rWYwMJ63aLjU1926KBIyNP6lG08yY-99TKlzQL_zzXFfO-Oz_bdq_tAl5-EUJyEnSGHHA8ckKAPQf6YjEDIzyBlGg/s1600/Leo+Stade+Baudouin+%2528delcampe%2529-copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="465" data-original-width="914" height="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9bWQMmXZK7_hJLS8XlH_ORFjUM1FTeRsgYjzXHsaGWj9bfPn8u3rWYwMJ63aLjU1926KBIyNP6lG08yY-99TKlzQL_zzXFfO-Oz_bdq_tAl5-EUJyEnSGHHA8ckKAPQf6YjEDIzyBlGg/s640/Leo+Stade+Baudouin+%2528delcampe%2529-copy.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">The completed stadium mid 1950s (Author coll.)</span></td></tr>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color: #0563c1;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Meanwhile, new factories were being added at the Utexleo site on Ave.Ermens, including Socotex in 1946 (blankets), Tissaco in 1948 (sacks), Bonneterie Africaine in 1952 (socks), and Blanchisserie de la Gombe in 1953 (industrial laundry). At Kinsuka, along the river in Domaine Rhodeby, two industrial firms were created in which Imafor had substantial interests. Bricongo in 1950 (bricks) and Carricongo in 1951 (construction stone), important inputs to the burgeoning construction sector in the capital.<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh7GgSWCQ-IXWXDrGFQ65NhtaWxrHZHZTLmhJ5E-3haTYVVc2K62f-oDcgsl2ijnPoDK68RDBlWnolDUxxYz5guDaqaqnvnutTP8YHC3TtzCN2tP_gZdoPxSofhhalm-kQbGdSfV_dbzs/s1600/Leo+Blanchiserie%252750s+%2528ebay1%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="550" data-original-width="736" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh7GgSWCQ-IXWXDrGFQ65NhtaWxrHZHZTLmhJ5E-3haTYVVc2K62f-oDcgsl2ijnPoDK68RDBlWnolDUxxYz5guDaqaqnvnutTP8YHC3TtzCN2tP_gZdoPxSofhhalm-kQbGdSfV_dbzs/s640/Leo+Blanchiserie%252750s+%2528ebay1%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">Women ironing fabric at the Blanchisserie de la Gombe (Author coll.)</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigmW6UUSlu8QiEw2FgUSQCADDWQeA7yYX0-wT32v8Gs9UITPDNS4ZDcnxqFLGbhFrySTI8X6kvj9cdxYWiavdJQxFgaogxN2cD31egYt3dLkhDabnAO-DyM6hRtx_Xq37vRF6_rdbxZSw/s1600/Kin+Brikin01+%2528SS%2529-copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigmW6UUSlu8QiEw2FgUSQCADDWQeA7yYX0-wT32v8Gs9UITPDNS4ZDcnxqFLGbhFrySTI8X6kvj9cdxYWiavdJQxFgaogxN2cD31egYt3dLkhDabnAO-DyM6hRtx_Xq37vRF6_rdbxZSw/s640/Kin+Brikin01+%2528SS%2529-copy.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">The Bricongo (now Brikin) manager's house at Kinsuka in 2005 (Author coll.)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">In 1950, IMAFOR began planning to develop 60 hectares of its agricultural land in Rhodeby as a residential subdivision. The company paid increased taxes on the property to allow this change in use. By 1955, the new development, “Cent Maisons”, though still more commonly known as “Rhodeby”, was nearing completion and the lots connected to electric and water service. In 1957, Mwana Mboka started kindergarten at the newly opened Athenée de l’Ozone. The route covered by TCL buses (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/10/leopoldville-1954-transports-en-commun.html">Oct. 23, 2011</a>)</i> started at Leo Deux (Kintambo Magasins) at the bottom of Mont Leopold (Mont Ngaliema) and meandered up the hill through Cent Maisons before reaching the school.<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcS1XgVPxYlZatmhEqwbBsMSptBJDSVyvCESX6lPeXsSVqVbtYfgbydxSwSy91vn4GkU14kBPiIR7KYng7C1Sli3glg1SutsHCMBuXHxEF-bMfZUvzeL68jaRGbAyYeoIHlg11OG2uJug/s1600/Leo+Athenee+Ozone%252758ca+Ph.Lamote+%25282a%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="293" data-original-width="437" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcS1XgVPxYlZatmhEqwbBsMSptBJDSVyvCESX6lPeXsSVqVbtYfgbydxSwSy91vn4GkU14kBPiIR7KYng7C1Sli3glg1SutsHCMBuXHxEF-bMfZUvzeL68jaRGbAyYeoIHlg11OG2uJug/s640/Leo+Athenee+Ozone%252758ca+Ph.Lamote+%25282a%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">The kindergarten at Athenee de l'Ozone in 1958 (Author coll.)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">In November 1955, Imafor announced plans to embark on its next project, a commercial-residential complex to be called “Residence Astrid” on its property at Ave. Astrid and Ave Rubbens. The company nearly doubled its capital to 63 million francs for this project which was designed by Rhodius’ architect, Ilensky. The Comité Urbain approved a building permit in May 1956 for a building with apartments, offices and shops valued at 47 million francs. The following year, however, the company noted economic conditions prevailing in Leopoldville did not favor the sale of residential lots in Rhodeby and IMAFOR was instead focused on completing “Residence Astrid”, scheduled for the second half of 1958. By then, the company had taken possession of the first wing facing Ave. Ministre Rubbens and had rented about half of the 12 apartments. The second, larger wing facing Ave. Reine Astrid, containing shops, two floors of office space and 24 apartments was still under construction. Imafor remained optimistic, despite the unfavorable economic climate.<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfvJqvZ50AKODnUH1sEvtXqFQug7aJChxcj-vtigeSLkuzPi6-uwGjXZkpTzcUllrD8ecXrtE1MrTIUcHEieNAH_OAbQmxBAXTE6l6FqclMdZGNkoCax7Wv55_sxQCHCJvG3DNDSMc9ZU/s1600/Leo+Ave+Rubbens+Rhodius+%2528delcampe%2529-copy_edited-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="616" data-original-width="952" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfvJqvZ50AKODnUH1sEvtXqFQug7aJChxcj-vtigeSLkuzPi6-uwGjXZkpTzcUllrD8ecXrtE1MrTIUcHEieNAH_OAbQmxBAXTE6l6FqclMdZGNkoCax7Wv55_sxQCHCJvG3DNDSMc9ZU/s640/Leo+Ave+Rubbens+Rhodius+%2528delcampe%2529-copy_edited-1.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">The original Rhodius store on Ave Rubbens (r.) was demolished to make way for the new building (Author coll.)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">When the building was finally completed, it became a prestigious address. Germany moved its Embassy there after Independence, as did Switzerland. Italy maintained a commercial attaché office and Fiat had its Congo headquarters there, too. USAID opened an office and the US Embassy rented a number of apartments for its staff. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color: #0563c1;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">On the commercial side, a Swiss entrepreneur opened a fondue restaurant called Le Plein Vent on the top floor of the building in December 1957. Offering only classical cheese fondue initially, the venue provided a panoramic view of the river and Brazzaville through its open windows. It quickly became a fixture of Leopoldville’s night scene.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb-k9gTMM46qwYWg-rHcMn5xJ226czQdXYXNUtIS89sFjX4U1FlXzuXhTgWpy3YwvzRqgY0Y-wYaGuellr2dUpIifS5_1MnRN1JyMnxkXof54Vytw8YiKWJabV0XOuG7ZUk8D8jjXO0Zc/s1600/Leo+Rhodius+Frs+%2528ebay%2529-copy_edited-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="716" data-original-width="1010" height="452" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb-k9gTMM46qwYWg-rHcMn5xJ226czQdXYXNUtIS89sFjX4U1FlXzuXhTgWpy3YwvzRqgY0Y-wYaGuellr2dUpIifS5_1MnRN1JyMnxkXof54Vytw8YiKWJabV0XOuG7ZUk8D8jjXO0Zc/s640/Leo+Rhodius+Frs+%2528ebay%2529-copy_edited-1.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">Another Rhodius property which may have been demolished for the new building. I have not been able to locate where this might have been (Author coll.)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">After Mobutu’s first coup in September 1960 in which he “neutralized” both President Kasavubu and Prime Minister Lumumba, the young Colonel moved into a villa in Rhodeby (the loyalty of the troops at the main army camp at Camp Leopold/Kokolo were considered unreliable). Many of the former European residents had left the country after Independence and not returned. Dr. Bill Close, who came to Leopoldville in June 1960 with a Moral Rearmament team and eventually became Mobutu’s personal physician, described the residence as having belonged to a bank. Mobutu drew reliable army units from the Para commando battalion in Thysville around him and Rhodeby began to take on the aspect of a military camp. When Lumumba was arrested near Port Francqui, in December 1960, he was first brought to Mobutu’s residence and locked up for the night in Security chief Victor Nendaka’s garage.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">In May 1961, secessionist Katanga President Moise Tshombe and his Foreign Minister Evariste Kimba were held there after being detained for trying to leave a round table conference in Coquilhatville (Mbandaka). The following January, Antoine Gizenga was transferred to “Camp Rhodeby” after the UN brought him from Stanleyville (Kisangani) to resume his participation as Vice-Prime Minister of the Assembly. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZNcarK-UkFTsHep3IfTO-NQyNpQSvwiiNRmkVEi7qJsN6KHE31KdEvx1nwyShpM69tk1gjun7sNCOAgiG3TtSj7ZUuJmZfb8Udiaq94bbrsPpd1xGg7xik5uQjRVrYBX_dh3AwcHnL60/s1600/Kin+Mt.Ngaliema+Ozone+Q+%2528elisofon.siris-1837%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="840" data-original-width="1230" height="436" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZNcarK-UkFTsHep3IfTO-NQyNpQSvwiiNRmkVEi7qJsN6KHE31KdEvx1nwyShpM69tk1gjun7sNCOAgiG3TtSj7ZUuJmZfb8Udiaq94bbrsPpd1xGg7xik5uQjRVrYBX_dh3AwcHnL60/s640/Kin+Mt.Ngaliema+Ozone+Q+%2528elisofon.siris-1837%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">Mobutu's residence in Rhodeby - 1970 (Elisofon archives)</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6Fo54pm-LTXYDJO485EL3PwwQ2rBTUXpCgPO9yGnpERiszIRQKYTKd_ThkF_dS_HPhO5CccRI6ckI3M21iq9NCxNiSpR3lDYuWuJFxcb1u14TUv7wXLiAWvtAchw4ZgytS5blApyXKC4/s1600/Leo+MSS+Res%2527651130+%2528rtbf%2529-copy.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1083" data-original-width="1600" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6Fo54pm-LTXYDJO485EL3PwwQ2rBTUXpCgPO9yGnpERiszIRQKYTKd_ThkF_dS_HPhO5CccRI6ckI3M21iq9NCxNiSpR3lDYuWuJFxcb1u14TUv7wXLiAWvtAchw4ZgytS5blApyXKC4/s640/Leo+MSS+Res%2527651130+%2528rtbf%2529-copy.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">Mobutu's residence in Rhodeby in 1965 (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xds-Gd6CiOo%20%20https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGUkWC0JBU8">YouTube</a>). <br />It was destroyed when L.D. Kabila's forces captured Kinshasa in May 1997 </span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">IMAFOR created “Imbaleo” in 1961 to manage the Rhodeby concession, but the “winds of change” were not in the company’s favor. In 1964 Mobutu notified Imbaleo of his intention to expropriate the Rhodeby concession to create a military base which became Camp Tshatshi. No compensation was ever offered by the government. In 1994 Imbakin took the government to court and won a 2.5 billion Belgian Franc indemnity two years later. No payments were ever received however, and in 2001, Imbakin ceded its claims to Texaf. In March 2005 Texaf and Congo Textile Printers (another struggling texile mill on the river downstream from Rhodeby taken over by the Chinese company CHA) merged to form Congotex, but the venture only lasted four years (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/07/kinshasa-2011-architecture-tour-redux.html">July 3, 2011</a></i>). With the closure of the textile plant in Kinshasa, Texaf chose to focus on real estate development.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhObC0Iues6ud3Sja_79w1YrT5p2kECtgFDtoQicV5YCUg30KC3_ewP8js8Um97i4VXyazhRjIngYsyhyphenhyphenSbCQ0Cw1ylYkB-rLjD9kqFfAfpLUaW73xnpErE0PRwV_xPJzHGfapaC5OOr4/s1600/Kin+Utex%252716+%2528SS01%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhObC0Iues6ud3Sja_79w1YrT5p2kECtgFDtoQicV5YCUg30KC3_ewP8js8Um97i4VXyazhRjIngYsyhyphenhyphenSbCQ0Cw1ylYkB-rLjD9kqFfAfpLUaW73xnpErE0PRwV_xPJzHGfapaC5OOr4/s640/Kin+Utex%252716+%2528SS01%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">The main gate at Utexafrica in 2016 (Author coll.)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">In the 1980s the Swiss owner of Le Plein Vent decided to sell and the Janmohammed family, which also owned Patisserie Chantilly and Cosy Grill, bought the restaurant. About the same time, the Zairian government sold the former Vice Governor’s residence on La Raquette to the Swiss government (near what is now the Hotel Fleuve Congo, <i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/08/leopoldville-1960-independence-changes.html">Aug. 20, 2011</a>) </i>for use as its Embassy. With the departure of the diplomatic tenant, the building services at the Residence des Flamboyants (as renamed under Authenticité), which included premises of the Tax Office, began to decline and the owners of the fondue restaurant felt they were being burdened with all the maintenance costs. Certainly, a nighttime visit to the Plein Vent was a memorable experience. The parking area on Ave. Lumpungu was dark and a little dodgy. The elevator up to the restaurant was dimly lit and shook as though it might plunge down the shaft at any moment. But the doors opened directly into the restaurant, which was bright and immaculate, the service attentive. Because it now opened at night, the views of the river were limited and a renovation in 2006 enclosed the breezy open windows.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEismgQ34JQSaoxLvChg5vWjzbgm1_pUDcFPLmQlAHUAPu7OcLu_UIJSVdhjTMMai1NG5BkZ9a2F7vlPTVtH0K84zwXQOEIUMWd-PTulnfcBEGvjEm87L7NcVWh0LppBrArSryqIS3T7JdQ/s1600/Kin+Imafor+Bldg%252718++%2528SS01%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEismgQ34JQSaoxLvChg5vWjzbgm1_pUDcFPLmQlAHUAPu7OcLu_UIJSVdhjTMMai1NG5BkZ9a2F7vlPTVtH0K84zwXQOEIUMWd-PTulnfcBEGvjEm87L7NcVWh0LppBrArSryqIS3T7JdQ/s640/Kin+Imafor+Bldg%252718++%2528SS01%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">Residence Flamboyants in 2018. Le Plein Vent on the top floor (Author coll.)</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI8UuHM80I6rclW42xcIaw3sFlLkVUert_aRuE0XAHdD2eO7q46ArCsgBNcLOSsuSw3qzWxqDJzOhUYV7BGjksd_a10CJL3pij7f4C57GdtI4sUF8rvstYbsTGMKHYqC-Sl3GlcyO82eQ/s1600/Kin+Plein+Vent%252718+%2528SS12%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI8UuHM80I6rclW42xcIaw3sFlLkVUert_aRuE0XAHdD2eO7q46ArCsgBNcLOSsuSw3qzWxqDJzOhUYV7BGjksd_a10CJL3pij7f4C57GdtI4sUF8rvstYbsTGMKHYqC-Sl3GlcyO82eQ/s640/Kin+Plein+Vent%252718+%2528SS12%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">The interior of Le Plein Vent (Author coll.)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">In 2018, the owners of Le Plein Vent decided the challenges of operating the fondue restaurant in the Flamboyant Building were a drag on the business. They relocated the restaurant to the premises of the former Cosy Grill next to their Chantilly patisserie on Ave. Lukusa. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg95xp9AJucEe4_x-GgL3PjJddafDe84_LLZu55t1zNtZicChEranm-KW883QIfvX2rYjZ4T6GrsE6c6M2z4wBGIc1kNg9BsKulqqw8IRSvQ3Ff0d29nAJ8ufNEXJt0p24ac2bDME0P9iI/s1600/Plein+Vent%252715+%2528voila.cd%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1119" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg95xp9AJucEe4_x-GgL3PjJddafDe84_LLZu55t1zNtZicChEranm-KW883QIfvX2rYjZ4T6GrsE6c6M2z4wBGIc1kNg9BsKulqqw8IRSvQ3Ff0d29nAJ8ufNEXJt0p24ac2bDME0P9iI/s640/Plein+Vent%252715+%2528voila.cd%2529.jpg" width="446" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , "freeserif" , serif; font-size: 10.8192px;">An advert for the restaurant shortly before it closed (voila.cd)</span></td></tr>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Sources</span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">:</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Bulletin Officiel du Congo Belge, Ministry of the Colonies, Bruxelles. (multiple years)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives, Smithsonian Institution (www.africa.si.edu)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Japan External Trade Organization, Institute of Developing Economies, “Texaf”. (www.ide.go.jp)</span></li>
<li><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Raymaekers, Jan, 2017. “The Musée de la vie indigene in Leopoldville”, Academie Royale des Sciences d’Outre-Mer.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Texaf web site (</span><a href="http://www.texaf.be/en/about-us/history.html" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">www.texaf.be/en/about-us/history.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Digital Photo Archive (www.collections.lib.uwm.edu)</span></li>
<li><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Wikinshasa</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "courier";">, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Atlas de l’architecture et du paysage urbains (wikinshasa.org)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">YouTube </span><span style="font-family: "courier";">(</span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGUkWC0JBU8" style="color: #954f72;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGUkWC0JBU8</a><span style="font-family: "courier";">)</span></li>
</ul>
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Mwana Mbokahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01575491982841275224noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3042101873369162734.post-84010501754699875692019-04-20T19:31:00.000+01:002019-04-20T20:12:33.467+01:00Kinshasa 2019 – Overpasses on Blvd 30 Juin<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">In
January 2011, I wrote a piece about Boulevard du 30 Juin when the expansion to
8 lanes of the original four was nearing completion (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/01/kinshasa-2010-boulevard-30-juin-comes.html">Jan. 23, 2011</a></i>).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During the
last three years I’ve lived here, this seven-kilometer artery through the
center of Gombe Commune has provided mostly smooth and efficient movement of
traffic (though the downtown section from the Gare Central to Ave. Huileries is
often congested from mid-morning to midafternoon). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The stately Limba (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Terminalia Superba</i>) trees and the landscaped traffic islands are
gone, but as a transportation solution for a growing city, it works.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFvedZTssZyB8EyRA7OWLyYnWGivmx1Ipg2SH_W4tqMMStR6ogzlUtYbS0aFRpNh5uAsofX-end7-qbIZzs2sonIf8h44Endxq2CbuZQr8WU9JGoxhJECO6QVm4V4COw9fd-eG-CrE0wY/s1600/Kin+Blvd+30eJuin+Sabena+Bldgs%252710+%2528entreprendre%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFvedZTssZyB8EyRA7OWLyYnWGivmx1Ipg2SH_W4tqMMStR6ogzlUtYbS0aFRpNh5uAsofX-end7-qbIZzs2sonIf8h44Endxq2CbuZQr8WU9JGoxhJECO6QVm4V4COw9fd-eG-CrE0wY/s640/Kin+Blvd+30eJuin+Sabena+Bldgs%252710+%2528entreprendre%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Construction equipment on the new Boulevard, ex-Sabena building in background (author coll.)</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX20rDg8RyUEKhB932tuAnuZXBi6WYTqt9YcB_c41_8nzQP3LJ1_MPKCFnVQXw1JJOgUocADSen00jIx_8BTiqV8r1tu40fiWmBZu_5v7Nk259amE4OO5VOzE6AQuVufHG6MTHTT17OmU/s1600/Kin+Blvd+30eJuin%252710+%2528flickr1%2529-copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX20rDg8RyUEKhB932tuAnuZXBi6WYTqt9YcB_c41_8nzQP3LJ1_MPKCFnVQXw1JJOgUocADSen00jIx_8BTiqV8r1tu40fiWmBZu_5v7Nk259amE4OO5VOzE6AQuVufHG6MTHTT17OmU/s640/Kin+Blvd+30eJuin%252710+%2528flickr1%2529-copy.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The 8-lane Blvd. under construction (author coll.)</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_zBh3ICOEwdspe4K61DGci-7_v1F1w5UGj5dRKmIJfqjNxDvOxPm54sDlpDvwJ06E1qzbbgWZVW0vZMLK0hOpPa1ZWHq8wEdpHehJtnWfMcvzFVvJlZstJIhLIxphcEu_lgoNNICam-o/s1600/Kin+Blvd+30Juin+Mandela+%2528skyscraper%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="638" data-original-width="960" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_zBh3ICOEwdspe4K61DGci-7_v1F1w5UGj5dRKmIJfqjNxDvOxPm54sDlpDvwJ06E1qzbbgWZVW0vZMLK0hOpPa1ZWHq8wEdpHehJtnWfMcvzFVvJlZstJIhLIxphcEu_lgoNNICam-o/s640/Kin+Blvd+30Juin+Mandela+%2528skyscraper%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Boulevard looking east to Rond Point Mandela at Ave. Liberation. (author coll.)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">On
my morning commute on April 1<sup>st </sup>I found traffic snarled at the
intersection of Ave Liberation (ex-24 Novembre, aka Rond Point Mandela) and 30
Juin, where technicians from the Office de Voirie et Drainage (OVD) were
digging up the pavement to take soil samples prior to construction of a major
concrete overpass at that intersection.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Blvd. 30 Juin in the 1970s. View of the rond point which became "Mandela" (author coll.)</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQsJehK32mi787i4BmlSG4fi-ROsQlqNxpuhKk3kMLIBVXDWVBw1KREOWaeFigvXlS-s_ojxzfOTFOZkF_QaeFdYA_yzS4itEzgnMuyt3Sy8cd74unznSTY3Gelsz2dm8n0r_uuucr7CA/s1600/Leo+Sabena+Bldgs%252754+Blvd+%2528delc2%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="497" data-original-width="765" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQsJehK32mi787i4BmlSG4fi-ROsQlqNxpuhKk3kMLIBVXDWVBw1KREOWaeFigvXlS-s_ojxzfOTFOZkF_QaeFdYA_yzS4itEzgnMuyt3Sy8cd74unznSTY3Gelsz2dm8n0r_uuucr7CA/s640/Leo+Sabena+Bldgs%252754+Blvd+%2528delc2%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The rond point in 1954 with new Blvd under construction. Sabena towers upper right.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Traffic cop on the original circle 1958 (author coll.)</td></tr>
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Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Today
<a href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2019/04/19/actualite/societe/lutte-contre-les-embouteillages-kinshasa-accord-pour-la-construction">OVD announced</a> several contracts with two Chinese companies and Office des Routes
to build overpasses at notoriously congested intersections. The projects are to
be undertaken in the framework of President Tshisekedi’s “100 Days” national infrastructure
campaign.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjukFfdeG-JoDRrRWOl7Y-hlkb40E4oRNqboPN0MEqV7O2l6bzSAYEcPbWKDq_pDgIRWqITizbKofFnaIv2hO3HM2N9mYIkvPfB6M7BRbawvFPgWteBzTpAzYuV5xsR3IkrezV5h0Ovxto/s1600/Kin+Blvd+30Juin+overpass+%2528skyscraper%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="720" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjukFfdeG-JoDRrRWOl7Y-hlkb40E4oRNqboPN0MEqV7O2l6bzSAYEcPbWKDq_pDgIRWqITizbKofFnaIv2hO3HM2N9mYIkvPfB6M7BRbawvFPgWteBzTpAzYuV5xsR3IkrezV5h0Ovxto/s640/Kin+Blvd+30Juin+overpass+%2528skyscraper%2529-copy.jpg" width="480" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The OVD Plan for the overpass.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihtZIgH71RFG0CyxK-fpYP4iNm4Chzhyb3MeUzb5dSHxE-oYPPGgPJVguyG_yxpSoIjIf8QsvmUy3qDeJUzid96OS-npJL5BUzb7FAuMg6-f9w2y4gwNwU6XmgmyrOOB_KSBwDnYO6iCg/s1600/Kin+Blvd+30Juin%252716+%2528SS21%2529-copy_edited-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1017" data-original-width="1600" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihtZIgH71RFG0CyxK-fpYP4iNm4Chzhyb3MeUzb5dSHxE-oYPPGgPJVguyG_yxpSoIjIf8QsvmUy3qDeJUzid96OS-npJL5BUzb7FAuMg6-f9w2y4gwNwU6XmgmyrOOB_KSBwDnYO6iCg/s640/Kin+Blvd+30Juin%252716+%2528SS21%2529-copy_edited-1.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Blvd. 30 Juin at Ave. Liberation looking east.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Coincidentally,
two days later, I found an article posted on <a href="https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2019/04/urban-worst-freeway-without-future-teardown-demolition-list/584707/?utm_campaign=citylab&utm_medium=social&utm_content=edit-promo&utm_source=twitter&utm_term=2019-04-05T11%3A14%3A05">Citylab </a>describing how US cities are tearing down urban freeways
in favor of surface boulevards (like 30 Juin serves today), which allow
residents in isolated neighborhoods to travel from one to the other, reduce
noise and air pollution and free up land for other development, including
affordable housing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The planners at OVD
seem to be taking Kinshasa back 50 years in terms of what was then considered
state-of-the-art transportation planning.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It is reported that this “traffic solution” will be applied to Ave. Liberation
and Sgt. Moke, at Ave Sendwe and Blvd. Lumumba, at Ave Kasavubu and Triomphal, Socimat
Circle, at the junction of Boulevard du 30 Juin and Ave Mondjiba, and the snarl
of Kintambo Magasins at the western end of Mondjiba.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZMHZ35kcc__WAHXrCc8i0oqVsG7xKPcwbph4OYl_hKA7Cn5ytB6p_9ARy9bS_Z3NwlM7Tuy0enrF0janB-dW80DmOxzwy-VPT7CLKZt-DKTm5MZC_Maki8ftUAWqgVpiSmzHbQ4jQn7A/s1600/Oakland+I-695.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="826" data-original-width="1600" height="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZMHZ35kcc__WAHXrCc8i0oqVsG7xKPcwbph4OYl_hKA7Cn5ytB6p_9ARy9bS_Z3NwlM7Tuy0enrF0janB-dW80DmOxzwy-VPT7CLKZt-DKTm5MZC_Maki8ftUAWqgVpiSmzHbQ4jQn7A/s640/Oakland+I-695.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Oakland, CA. Plan for replacement of I-695 elevated freeway with a surface boulevard.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The
problem at 30 Juin and Liberation (the closest intersection on my commute) is
not traffic volumes (though these are only to increase if no other east-west,
cross-town arteries are developed) but rather a total disregard of the Code de
la Route by many drivers, most outrageously those of “ketch” shared taxis and
taxi-buses that provide most public transport in Kinshasa. Traffic at this
intersection is directed by one of the innovative traffic robots designed by a
Congolese woman engineer (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2016/08/kinshasa-2016-mwana-mboka-returns.html">Aug. 17, 2016</a></i>).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If one follows the signal, traffic can move smoothly.
But invariably, a selfish driver will ignore the signal and create gridlock
with vehicles trying to follow the light.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Meanwhile, the “Roulage” traffic police, are observed to be more
interested in shaking down random motorists for petty bribes than enforcing the
Code.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIarKCAbW9_UBOtk21SOB5AlW11x3p0zRhPfB5Z0ZcUJEJnG1VQWAasL9xxLS6_Ga93KJfcES1Dix7w7L9sdtPdxjO8xI9ggijZrM3EgrK8rmii3drHRPbdNnt5mNm2SEUx_XocNySWHg/s1600/Kin+Blvd+30+Juin+%2526+Liberation+%2528SS02%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIarKCAbW9_UBOtk21SOB5AlW11x3p0zRhPfB5Z0ZcUJEJnG1VQWAasL9xxLS6_Ga93KJfcES1Dix7w7L9sdtPdxjO8xI9ggijZrM3EgrK8rmii3drHRPbdNnt5mNm2SEUx_XocNySWHg/s640/Kin+Blvd+30+Juin+%2526+Liberation+%2528SS02%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Traffic robot at Ave Liberation. (author coll.)</td></tr>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">It
appears that the approaches to the overpass will block vehicular and pedestrian
traffic along at least one kilometer of 30 Juin, from the second “Sabena”
building (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/03/leopoldville-1937-hotel-memling-and.html">Mar. 29, 2011</a></i>) on the west
to the Cimetière de la Gombe to the east. To be fair, there are no lively,
interconnected neighborhoods threatened with exclusion by this proposed
barrier, but commuters already have to straddle a 60-centimeter concrete
divider to cross the Boulevard at Ave. Forces Armées as well as at Ave. des
Jacarandas by the Belgian Embassy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
overpass will require them to hike 500 meters to Ave. Liberation to cross the
Boulevard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The protected areas under the
overpass risk becoming havens for the <i>shegué</i> street children who already beg at
the intersection.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoiCMuJ8G4fl4XSj8QCpm1SEyFfUzLaM2TyXeX1ixF98rFLHYZ39IiHvDfH4Bw_EbX8ZoJyS66AGI3l5fGqm3p-PnFJuHth5KbibGSn4K8nmiDPHpP1PsSN4dSledZxEx0pEh5ijKZqtE/s1600/Kin+Blvd+30Juin+Jam+%2528SS01%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoiCMuJ8G4fl4XSj8QCpm1SEyFfUzLaM2TyXeX1ixF98rFLHYZ39IiHvDfH4Bw_EbX8ZoJyS66AGI3l5fGqm3p-PnFJuHth5KbibGSn4K8nmiDPHpP1PsSN4dSledZxEx0pEh5ijKZqtE/s640/Kin+Blvd+30Juin+Jam+%2528SS01%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Traffic jam before Ave. Liberation. Rain brings out the worst in some drivers. (author coll.)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Kinois
are familiar with the vaunted technical solutions for this intersection.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 2009, when the Boulevard was being
widened, the traffic circle named for Nelson Mandela, with its inspiring “Peace
Dove” monument was razed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The monument,
created in August 1991 to commemorate Mandela’s visit to Kinshasa, was
relocated a block north to the corner of Ave Kisangani and Justice outside the
Nigerian Ambassador’s residence. At the time, Vice Prime Minister Bongeli
justified the move, “To make an omelet, you must break the eggs”, promising
that trees would be replanted to meet modern standards and the monument repositioned
where people could admire it. A decade later, trees have not been planted and the
monument appears to have been dumped in the weeds at this intersection rather
than placed there in permanent honor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXwLA_uByLDogWVfdVuPnjW_5Kyd3SCr0y0luLjZaBQM-2aHI2s_1Yq8pYEsHVpL9r3mhvFvIBj4W5bnEF1ofzW1MNjhHSE3r9en039_MRFusA9rV8UUrAO3fnMfwyEfvyknQyAUaW-u8/s1600/Kin+Mandela+Circle+%2528jacques.basee%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="532" data-original-width="800" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXwLA_uByLDogWVfdVuPnjW_5Kyd3SCr0y0luLjZaBQM-2aHI2s_1Yq8pYEsHVpL9r3mhvFvIBj4W5bnEF1ofzW1MNjhHSE3r9en039_MRFusA9rV8UUrAO3fnMfwyEfvyknQyAUaW-u8/s640/Kin+Mandela+Circle+%2528jacques.basee%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rond Point Mandela prior to reconstruction of the Boulevard - 2006. (author coll.)</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkD7Ga_ssZEQWI-fqKg6rGkeWdv3yDYhHb5amM-COeVN5zU2OHlZ93Sza-JVB05cg_R4rkuoQVJvKpqb9z0zo1Rs_adOhgVJr2WY_SuUeaj3TjHfGzNi89IolwGLfxGkapFvgzMN12ysw/s1600/Kin+Mandela+Cir04+%2528SS%2529-copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkD7Ga_ssZEQWI-fqKg6rGkeWdv3yDYhHb5amM-COeVN5zU2OHlZ93Sza-JVB05cg_R4rkuoQVJvKpqb9z0zo1Rs_adOhgVJr2WY_SuUeaj3TjHfGzNi89IolwGLfxGkapFvgzMN12ysw/s640/Kin+Mandela+Cir04+%2528SS%2529-copy.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Monument Colombe on Rond Point Mandela -2006 (author coll.)</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglyGFZDCSJA2tNCmvXVd80AW21mYVUjHz0sD2IZTMXb9dq9r0HBuscChTxxbHiGV-XvZkdFFLWuc2WyeRHoZv8uHXMdUPqgUuvgIOjSHgHVc1BXglok1dZ6Dg5b_mVe52xA4LsuyPpkwY/s1600/Kin+Mont+Colombe%252719+%2528SS03%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglyGFZDCSJA2tNCmvXVd80AW21mYVUjHz0sD2IZTMXb9dq9r0HBuscChTxxbHiGV-XvZkdFFLWuc2WyeRHoZv8uHXMdUPqgUuvgIOjSHgHVc1BXglok1dZ6Dg5b_mVe52xA4LsuyPpkwY/s640/Kin+Mont+Colombe%252719+%2528SS03%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Monument Colombe on Ave. Justice today (author coll.)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Efficient
traffic management at this intersection is possible without an overpass.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The “Roulages” traffic police can properly
enforce the Code de la Route, as was the case when the City enforced
registration of the informal taxis in 2018 and painting them uniform yellow.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The proposed overpasses appear to be an
expensive solution to a mis-diagnosed problem.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>There are several east-west corridors (Aves. OAU-Prince de Liege (Sgt.
Moke)-Kabinda corridor is the closest parallel route) that could benefit from
this kind of investment and reduce pressure on Blvd. 30 Juin.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But engineers like to build.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This task should be given to traffic
planners.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is not the purpose of this
blog to take a nostalgic view of Kinshasa as it once was, but rather to
question whether all reasonable options have been considered to improve the
city’s development. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><b>Sources</b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Citylab.4/3/19 </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2019/04/urban-worst-freeway-without-future-teardown-demolition-list/584707/?utm_campaign=citylab&utm_medium=social&utm_content=edit-promo&utm_source=twitter&utm_term=2019-04-05T11%3A14%3A05" target="_blank"><span style="background: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "-webkit-standard" , serif;">https://www.citylab.com/<wbr></wbr>transportation/2019/04/urban-<wbr></wbr>worst-freeway-without-future-<wbr></wbr>teardown-demolition-list/<wbr></wbr>584707/?utm_campaign=citylab&<wbr></wbr>utm_medium=social&utm_content=<wbr></wbr>edit-promo&utm_source=twitter&<wbr></wbr>utm_term=2019-04-05T11%3A14%<wbr></wbr>3A05</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Radio Okapi.4/10/09:
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://www.radiookapi.net/sans-categorie/2009/04/10/infrastructures-routieres-boulevard-du-30-juin-les-kinois-saluent-les-travaux-de-rehabilitation-mais-s%25e2%2580%2599inquietent">https://www.radiookapi.net/sans-categorie/2009/04/10/infrastructures-routieres-boulevard-du-30-juin-les-kinois-saluent-les-travaux-de-rehabilitation-mais-s%25e2%2580%2599inquietent</a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Radio Okapi.12/6/13:
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://www.radiookapi.net/actualite/2013/12/06/nelson-mandela-monument-symbole-de-la-paix-de-la-liberte">https://www.radiookapi.net/actualite/2013/12/06/nelson-mandela-monument-symbole-de-la-paix-de-la-liberte</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Radio Okapi.4/19/19
<a href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2019/04/19/actualite/societe/lutte-contre-les-embouteillages-kinshasa-accord-pour-la-construction">https://www.radiookapi.net/2019/04/19/actualite/societe/lutte-contre-les-embouteillages-kinshasa-accord-pour-la-construction</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />Mwana Mbokahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01575491982841275224noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3042101873369162734.post-4187326472443570592019-01-28T19:03:00.003+01:002019-02-01T19:55:36.269+01:00Kinshasa 2019 - Where does a new President lay his Head?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">On
January 24, 2019, Felix Antoine Tshisekedi Tshilombo was sworn in as fifth
President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The grand event, an
unprecedented peaceful transfer of power, was the first in nearly 60 years of
Independence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It took place at the
Palais de la Nation, today the President’s Office, but originally constructed
in the late 1950s as the residence of the Governor General of the colony (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/search?q=governor%27s+residence">Sep. 12, 2011</a></i>).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrno24dLockmpNDtJR60_nyMsYe6W0KNOT_9TFkG-n5wkG4sa1uQoSz4-2oIlqUwlfZIf8_-EP234dDDvprYCP6whHXnlIdt0N6Qr5gpZM8kKdy_eMmapXAA3HctqIjoeIrpGC-Z3TWBE/s1600/Kin+Palais+Nation%252719+Felix+%2528presidence_rdc%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="858" data-original-width="1600" height="342" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrno24dLockmpNDtJR60_nyMsYe6W0KNOT_9TFkG-n5wkG4sa1uQoSz4-2oIlqUwlfZIf8_-EP234dDDvprYCP6whHXnlIdt0N6Qr5gpZM8kKdy_eMmapXAA3HctqIjoeIrpGC-Z3TWBE/s640/Kin+Palais+Nation%252719+Felix+%2528presidence_rdc%2529.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">January 24, 2019 - Felix Tshisekedi takes the oath of office at the Palais de la Nation (Photo: www.presidentrdc.cd)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">At
Independence, June 30, 1960, the first President, Joseph Kasavubu, also took
the oath of office in the Palais de la Nation, but he was not destined to be its
first resident, because the Belgians had decided to convert the facility into
the Parliament of the new nation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What about
the former Governor General’s residence, the late 1920s edifice 100 meters up
Ave. Tilkens (now Ave. du Fleuve)?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That was
assigned as the official residence of the Prime Minister, Kasavubu’s rival,
Patrice Emery Lumumba.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On the eve of
Independence, at which neither politician had sufficient seats in Parliament to
form a government, a compromise was worked out whereby Kasavubu became
President and Lumumba the Prime Minister. The new President moved out to Mont
Stanley (Mont Ngaliema) to the recently completed residence of the Governor of
Leopoldville Province.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWINFf0NRnvPtiaXeqfWDFF-Tve-pFftS3GCnlEmsI_5PGyngMwjCmefu3GSoh09LwasA83NQJT3xMLLfCRiaDyxeH59jQ9ck9sO2ACZO9DHgVmpB5r1HLMdyWjhliPditovqY8hFn_0Q/s1600/Leo+PresRes%252760s+%2528leosurlecongo%2529-copy.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1168" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWINFf0NRnvPtiaXeqfWDFF-Tve-pFftS3GCnlEmsI_5PGyngMwjCmefu3GSoh09LwasA83NQJT3xMLLfCRiaDyxeH59jQ9ck9sO2ACZO9DHgVmpB5r1HLMdyWjhliPditovqY8hFn_0Q/s640/Leo+PresRes%252760s+%2528leosurlecongo%2529-copy.jpeg" width="466" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The first Official Residence of the President of the Congo (Photo: author coll.)</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIswqMfdbtOOLAsBmxfEEsSXRjnHYxdtS3DW9efQ1nDgBQDXdW16SMa2QjYYU-IZC6evn_u3QCvtL8lXbUS6mbWn-PGeH8BP8D4wXaV-cv6ujWOJpqkK2_6v6gR8Zyf02eW2QTNc0sFGc/s1600/Leo+GovGen+Res+Car+%2528delc1a%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="899" data-original-width="1600" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIswqMfdbtOOLAsBmxfEEsSXRjnHYxdtS3DW9efQ1nDgBQDXdW16SMa2QjYYU-IZC6evn_u3QCvtL8lXbUS6mbWn-PGeH8BP8D4wXaV-cv6ujWOJpqkK2_6v6gR8Zyf02eW2QTNc0sFGc/s640/Leo+GovGen+Res+Car+%2528delc1a%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Governor General's residence in the late 1950s. It became the Prime Minister's residence at Independence<br />
(Photo: author coll.)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The
Provincial Governor’s residence was built on a spectacular site overlooking the
Kinsuka rapids of the Congo River during Governor Julien Babilon’s term in
office (1955-59). During this time, the Stanley Monument and Provincial Office
Building (now the Ministry of Defense) were completed on the summit of Mont
Stanley, adding to the urbanization of the area led by Imafor’s “100 Maisons”
residential subdivision. The residence was an International Style box in two
stories, with the top floor projecting over the base on all sides. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In addition to initiating construction of the
Residence, Governor Babilon also gave his name to Quartier Babylon in Kintambo
Commune, built by the Office des Cités Africains in the mid-1950s (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/search?q=oca">Sep. 30, 2011</a></i>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqo75VM-CFXx3UmrYFqBQmONTnCgdsG6Ow5FY89Xast5YU47HFA5aL1WyjyszeIq4vudOVlpti1ENfUPykDeOSt0HgB9D7wx8FCzHWuAmf9IFEEgXaqhDXJQtBdmWAkSIKaWGm_cky8nk/s1600/Kin+Mt.Ngaliema+Pres+Res+%2528delcampe%2529-copy_edited-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="625" data-original-width="888" height="450" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqo75VM-CFXx3UmrYFqBQmONTnCgdsG6Ow5FY89Xast5YU47HFA5aL1WyjyszeIq4vudOVlpti1ENfUPykDeOSt0HgB9D7wx8FCzHWuAmf9IFEEgXaqhDXJQtBdmWAkSIKaWGm_cky8nk/s640/Kin+Mt.Ngaliema+Pres+Res+%2528delcampe%2529-copy_edited-1.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The President's Residence on Mt. Ngaliema. Ministry of Defense building on left (Photo: author coll.)</td></tr>
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<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgph8R8aJC1XjOlA2IuXhnKUiueI3Kyxx4DJnaO0u96ZYI0Ml3RloqF3goG5nAe28BJ2o8hnPiY5xKfl_LQRc5gBtwpPMfi49sH9gYBKJvQLk0XgGp7Nffs7MvwZNpUKm-04ZKFlxuy1dA/s1600/Leo+Pres+Res%25276012+Kasa+%2528ebay1%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="545" data-original-width="800" height="436" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgph8R8aJC1XjOlA2IuXhnKUiueI3Kyxx4DJnaO0u96ZYI0Ml3RloqF3goG5nAe28BJ2o8hnPiY5xKfl_LQRc5gBtwpPMfi49sH9gYBKJvQLk0XgGp7Nffs7MvwZNpUKm-04ZKFlxuy1dA/s640/Leo+Pres+Res%25276012+Kasa+%2528ebay1%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">President Kasavubu on the balcony of the Residence (Photo: author coll.)</td></tr>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">In
September 1960, as tension between Kasavubu and Lumumba escalated, both he and
Lumumba requested the United Nations provide a security detail at their
residences. On September 15, Mobutu staged a coup neutralizing both Kasavubu and
Lumumba and essentially confining Lumumba to house arrest. In November 1960,
Lumumba slipped through double rings of UN and Congolese Army guards around the
Prime Minister’s residence and sought to escape to Stanleyville
(Kisangani).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was apprehended in Kasai
province, returned to Leopoldville, then transferred to Katanga in January
1961, where he was assassinated. Kasavubu continued to conduct affairs of
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Mobutu’s second coup on November 24, 1965.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL1ibinoL1ago_fWJYQdUJjQHhmSeqB_TJTER1k1aI4QhNydjX66lHDgAkGNOI8JWg0NIQWhg6BYGAXMSg6jQIahXOwkk9ezaimZHySPVFjHqNk_0z-gYdc_8coMGSs_G7wytclpbggkg/s1600/Leo+Pres+Res%252760-09-08+%2528corbis%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="458" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL1ibinoL1ago_fWJYQdUJjQHhmSeqB_TJTER1k1aI4QhNydjX66lHDgAkGNOI8JWg0NIQWhg6BYGAXMSg6jQIahXOwkk9ezaimZHySPVFjHqNk_0z-gYdc_8coMGSs_G7wytclpbggkg/s640/Leo+Pres+Res%252760-09-08+%2528corbis%2529-copy.jpg" width="610" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A UN security detail at Kasavubu's residence (Photo: Corbis)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Meanwhile,
General Mobutu, the strongman behind the Presidency, established his
headquarters in what became Camp Tshatshi, strategically located adjacent to
the Presidential Residence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1964 he
notified Imafor’s subsidiary, Imbaleo, that he was taking over “100 Maisons” to
expand the Camp (Imafor was a real estate company established by Joseph
Rhodius, Director of the Texaf textile complex). No compensation has ever been
paid to Texaf or Imafor. After the coup, he began to expand the grounds around
the Presidential Residence, creating formal gardens along the bluff between the
residence and Stanley Monument and extending a vast Presidential Zoo down Mont
Ngaliema to the river.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He used the
Residence more as an office and venue for receiving official visitors,
preferring to sleep in the security of fortified Camp Tshatshi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1967 as well, Congo hosted the annual
meeting of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) and a new conference center
with villas for 40 heads of state was built southwest of the Residence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In July 1976, during the heyday of US-Zaire
relations, Mobutu hosted a huge Bicentennial reception for the American community,
at which Mwana Mboka and new best friend were privileged to shake the “Grand
Leopard’s” hand.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinNT3jfBdeocGQBCq7mCfsRptUWsOKAUVZn8QpjO4VdCJ8Lw3GLmju8f2_z7RVoiyqSrXq3w-6dYukrQWEvC0SQYTqOPd8b0-3zGHdzJa2pXNtc9ET3qSKwWGZnpWsIbyYHAe0hmjkN4E/s1600/MSS%2527670720+Bomboko+%2528ebay%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="756" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinNT3jfBdeocGQBCq7mCfsRptUWsOKAUVZn8QpjO4VdCJ8Lw3GLmju8f2_z7RVoiyqSrXq3w-6dYukrQWEvC0SQYTqOPd8b0-3zGHdzJa2pXNtc9ET3qSKwWGZnpWsIbyYHAe0hmjkN4E/s640/MSS%2527670720+Bomboko+%2528ebay%2529-copy.jpg" width="482" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mobutu and Foreign Minister Bomboko Lokumba receiving the press at the Residence (Photo: author coll.)</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7ZdHpQhU7SgrPoaJ-CMgAEqYObU_Ts22h5RPW0fvciTeSyO-0zN41UEb6GFRNO6rgaxubdb6r93ZDO9tZVWNVKUxl19jwYSTNPqQ-vYbo1M1CLWt1u7y6SHSVKQ5noXC1AVMGRTW_mf8/s1600/Kin+OAU+Village%252767+%2528elisofon.siris-1846%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="840" data-original-width="1230" height="436" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7ZdHpQhU7SgrPoaJ-CMgAEqYObU_Ts22h5RPW0fvciTeSyO-0zN41UEb6GFRNO6rgaxubdb6r93ZDO9tZVWNVKUxl19jwYSTNPqQ-vYbo1M1CLWt1u7y6SHSVKQ5noXC1AVMGRTW_mf8/s640/Kin+OAU+Village%252767+%2528elisofon.siris-1846%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">OAU Village around 1971. President's Residence in upper right. (Photo: Elisofon Collection, Smithsonian Institution)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">In
1970, the Governor of the Central Bank, Albert Ndele, began building an
“official residence” for himself in the hills of the Binza district in Ngaliema
Commune.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He tapped the skills of the
team of Eugene Palumbo and Fernand Tala N’gai who designed the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs complex (1965) and the Supreme Court (1969) (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/search?q=palumbo">Aug. 20, 2011</a></i>) and the thinking of the
team for the Supreme Court can clearly be seen in the circular plan from
which the rest of the building and grounds radiated. It was an opulent
structure, reportedly using Italian marble from a quarry that supplied the
Vatican. The result, taking in the topography of the site, was said to resemble
to map of the Congo (see inset below). Ndele was named Minister of Finance in September 1970
(considered a demotion), then dismissed in November.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although the Bank claimed the property in its
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1976.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpV42Ro8iXge19e88XQVX4Y03flvZqyCBiWkbNmCRUz2uzFoYFCNzpfw0KERCTaqdlGQX7Pgw6TVlhnx5PFrUVHeYlTY3zs9IOr80Qs252z6-Czmm3BEpl3wuovLvFhIGBZaeywG-HlGQ/s1600/Kin+Palais+Marbre%252771-2+%2528Lagae%252715%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1075" data-original-width="1600" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpV42Ro8iXge19e88XQVX4Y03flvZqyCBiWkbNmCRUz2uzFoYFCNzpfw0KERCTaqdlGQX7Pgw6TVlhnx5PFrUVHeYlTY3zs9IOr80Qs252z6-Czmm3BEpl3wuovLvFhIGBZaeywG-HlGQ/s640/Kin+Palais+Marbre%252771-2+%2528Lagae%252715%2529.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Palais de Marbre. Inset in the shape of the Congo. (Photo: Lagae & DeRaedt, 2015)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">In
November 1975, President Mobutu laid the first stone for a new Palais du Peuple
on Ave. Triomphal which was to be built under the terms of bilateral cooperation
with China.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">As early as the mid-1960s
Mobutu had requested designs from such architects such as Marcel Lambrichs (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/08/leopoldville-1950s-tropical-modernism.html">Aug.15, 2011</a></i>) and Anibal Baldo for new Parliament building.</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">This building, completed in
the 1980s, became the new home of a moribund Parliament which had started with such anticipation in
June 1960 on the banks of the Congo in the Palais de la Nation.</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7Q28skPLl47kCk90_RB5IPV_SPC1z8TCfKZls92VfJUozHmKrQA2JKF7au8WTIY_ZI9JkqpbuiCyQE2rg49dM1ltSs0eNfppuVSJ4_r9xV-D1GJPqazgaK_ovY5VsO1-EZtBfVGkiKPQ/s1600/Kin+Palais+Peuple%252710+%2528wikinshasa%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="536" data-original-width="800" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7Q28skPLl47kCk90_RB5IPV_SPC1z8TCfKZls92VfJUozHmKrQA2JKF7au8WTIY_ZI9JkqpbuiCyQE2rg49dM1ltSs0eNfppuVSJ4_r9xV-D1GJPqazgaK_ovY5VsO1-EZtBfVGkiKPQ/s640/Kin+Palais+Peuple%252710+%2528wikinshasa%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Palais du Peuple in 2010 (Photo: Wikinshasa)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">In
1977, Mobutu reintroduced the office of Prime Minister (his post-coup Prime
Minister, Leonard Mulamba lasted less than a year).</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">The new Prime Minister was Mpinga Kasenda, a
rising star in the state political party, the MPR.</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">He moved into the former residence of the
Otraco Director in Ngaliema Commune overlooking Ngaliema Bay off Ave. Mondjiba adjacent
Kintambo.</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">The building, built in the
1920s (King Albert and Queen Elisabeth stayed there during their visit in 1928.
</span><i style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2018/08/leopoldville-1928-royals-visit.html">Aug. 22, 2018</a></i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">), is contemporary to
the Prime Minister’s residence in Kalina, which now serves as the Prime
Minister’s office.</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"> </span><br />
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqAb6vD806JsZaJWMtdVZnXJeErzPJ41HnEQETcrHbToB3zv0a0lS38kNlRMn3mqjGQdkIBw-wuniRxWSs4cvK5SutDn5agZ7ypYE38vvffLr3OVzO5_yBiMr2zd581aR7tkmIT91NqXY/s1600/Kin+VP+Res%252710+%2528wikinshasa%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqAb6vD806JsZaJWMtdVZnXJeErzPJ41HnEQETcrHbToB3zv0a0lS38kNlRMn3mqjGQdkIBw-wuniRxWSs4cvK5SutDn5agZ7ypYE38vvffLr3OVzO5_yBiMr2zd581aR7tkmIT91NqXY/s640/Kin+VP+Res%252710+%2528wikinshasa%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Prime Ministers's residence in 2011 (Photo: Wikinshasa)</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The original building, probably during King Albert and Queen Elisabeth's visit in 1928. Photo by Zagourski. <br />
(Photo: author coll.)</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">In 2004, under the "1 + 4" Peace Accord formula, VP Arthur Zahidi Ngoma lived in the residence. <br />
I used to tell people I had a "distant" view of the river from my apartment. (Photo: author coll.)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">In
1982, Prof. Lumuna Sando, a critic of the Mobutu regime, reported to the Second
Russell Tribunal in Rotterdam, that Mobutu had three principal residences in
Kinshasa; the original Kasavubu residence, which served as his office; the
Palais de Marbre, often used as an official guest house; and a “Palais Privé”
behind the Okapi Hotel in Binza.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>However, the President preferred to stay within Camp Tshatshi, in a
residence known as “OAU II”, reported to include an underground prison cell.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As the Mobutu regime came increasingly under
pressure to open political space, the President often spent weeks at a time at
his official residence in Gbadolite, his home village in Equateur Province.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In fact, the President had official residences
in all Provincial capitals and many smaller municipalities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDJf_RLhuS2wbqX9Kl3kqRR4Do9IPe19YYl45VRqhmYZ_fMkYMd8tNFtRPh0u2LbY_99ar29iw4FThKtIpGwnho1xFQYd6r09SEe6-sASJ-tLwhb1BztRii__tNkM3U-_N0mp99xQMNfg/s1600/Gbado+MSS+Palace+lions+%2528monuc%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDJf_RLhuS2wbqX9Kl3kqRR4Do9IPe19YYl45VRqhmYZ_fMkYMd8tNFtRPh0u2LbY_99ar29iw4FThKtIpGwnho1xFQYd6r09SEe6-sASJ-tLwhb1BztRii__tNkM3U-_N0mp99xQMNfg/s640/Gbado+MSS+Palace+lions+%2528monuc%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Lion fountain in Mobutu's palace in Gbadolite (Photo: Monuc)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">President
Mobutu chose to announce an opening for multi-party politics in April 1990 at
the Nsele Pagoda (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2017/06/kinshasa-1967-mobutu-creates-domaine.html">June 4, 2017</a></i>),
another of his palaces, though not used as a residence. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mobutu imagined that this gesture might result
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figure and founder of UDPS in 1982, Tshisekedi was appointed Prime Minister on
October 16 in a ceremony at the Palais de Marbre, but two days later Mobutu
changed his mind and chose another opposition figure, Mungul Diaka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhviHJFx2VSQvHLA-oWgF9Vwh7hfa1dqpFu0Y_xkKn2a48X4OupGV9E1fZUtJOb5v4Yu3VF3auNhJvHUY8sdcrtl-OH2FOks5tWccki2Uo-RW2AYUmIBUwUNAPb3Gi-KUg55Ht2QR86vGM/s1600/Kin+Pillage%252791+P.Bodo+%2528castor1%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="511" data-original-width="398" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhviHJFx2VSQvHLA-oWgF9Vwh7hfa1dqpFu0Y_xkKn2a48X4OupGV9E1fZUtJOb5v4Yu3VF3auNhJvHUY8sdcrtl-OH2FOks5tWccki2Uo-RW2AYUmIBUwUNAPb3Gi-KUg55Ht2QR86vGM/s640/Kin+Pillage%252791+P.Bodo+%2528castor1%2529.png" width="498" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">"Pillage du 23 au 24 Sept. 1991 a Kinshasa" - Pierre Bodo (Photo: Art Richelieu Castor-Hara)</td></tr>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The
country continued to limp along from crisis to crisis (a second Pillage in January
1993) and a series of seven government reshuffles, in which Tshisekedi was
appointed two more times, the last for a week in April 1997.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On May 17, 1997, the AFDL led by Laurent
Kabila captured Kinshasa.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kinshasa
residents joined the conquerors and sacked the President’s official residence
on Mont Ngaliema and attacked other symbols of the departed dictator.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Laurent Kabila moved into the Palais de Marbre.
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on the day he was shot, including blood stains. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIf1zgmDl2G-S1kRfPaOneFFd5FtdoBy5hYQn33AvdmSxLs0WgCSZs1QCCRBQc960ITT6kKIrybl16MvzSyA-6A_n35uVrG5DwqIvqNvXjNpO-afWly_Pm_nMI-OPOnzxicxOyABEx3ug/s1600/Kin+Palais+Marbre+%2528grandhotel%2529-copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIf1zgmDl2G-S1kRfPaOneFFd5FtdoBy5hYQn33AvdmSxLs0WgCSZs1QCCRBQc960ITT6kKIrybl16MvzSyA-6A_n35uVrG5DwqIvqNvXjNpO-afWly_Pm_nMI-OPOnzxicxOyABEx3ug/s640/Kin+Palais+Marbre+%2528grandhotel%2529-copy.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Visitors lining up to visit the Palais de Marbre. (Photo: grandhotelkinshasa.blogspot.com)</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kids waiting to visit Laurent Kabila's Mausoleum - January 16, 2017. The dome of the Palais de la Nation in the background (Photo: author coll.)</td></tr>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Laurent’s
son, Joseph Kabila Kabange, was named President by the late President’s
entourage.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He moved to a property at the
summit of Avenue de l’Ouganda overlooking Ngaliema Bay in Gombe Commune, which
he developed into a sumptuous personal residence. When questioned about his
personal plans after the CENI named Felix Tshisekedi the winner of the
Presidential race, Kabila indicated he was not planning to leave where he
was.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Prime Minister Tshibala, occupying
the Primature residence in Ngaliema Commune, relocated to a villa on Ave.
Justice in Gombe, so the Prime Minister’s residence could be readied for the
new President.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At the time of posting,
Tshisekedi and family had moved from the Hotel du Fleuve, located mid-way between
the Palais de la Nation and Kabila’s residence to the Cité de l’Union Africaine
(ex-OAU). The historic preservationist in me would like to see the Kasavubu
residence rebuilt.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is precedent:
the White House in Washington, DC after the War of 1812 and the Imperial Palace
in Tokyo after World War II.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUAPKHmjBNp6LEKGesV-L-zYAQ6MHZD7431wxQxXXJddJNB0GE69uXF4Gf0JxB8RiJ9RaeVMaY7MM2B2jIri5LZPrOS14mo47KCjmJjDQzYvWfkFqAqPSKp5NELDmXcDg4TzD86DeFanw/s1600/Kin+OAU+Village+%2528delcampe%2529_edited-1-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="924" height="454" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUAPKHmjBNp6LEKGesV-L-zYAQ6MHZD7431wxQxXXJddJNB0GE69uXF4Gf0JxB8RiJ9RaeVMaY7MM2B2jIri5LZPrOS14mo47KCjmJjDQzYvWfkFqAqPSKp5NELDmXcDg4TzD86DeFanw/s640/Kin+OAU+Village+%2528delcampe%2529_edited-1-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Cite de l'OUA shortly after completion in 1967</td></tr>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Sources</span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Lagae, Johan and
Kim DeRaedt, 2015. “Building for ‘Authenticite’ Eugene Palumbo and the
Architecutre of Mobutu’s Congo”, Journal of Architectural Education, Oct. 2015.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-ansi-language: FR;">RFI Afrique - <a href="http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20190127-rdc-residence-felix-tshisekedi-palais-presidentiel-kabila">http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20190127-rdc-residence-felix-tshisekedi-palais-presidentiel-kabila</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Texaf – Price
Waterhouse Coopers report on creation of Imbakin Holding SA, Mar. 25, 2014 (<a href="http://www.texaf.be/fileadmin/user_upload/NTCdocument/Texaf__RC_scission_1_1397305227.pdf">http://www.texaf.be/fileadmin/user_upload/NTCdocument/Texaf__RC_scission_1_1397305227.pdf</a>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</style>Mwana Mbokahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01575491982841275224noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3042101873369162734.post-40559723907240699042019-01-13T14:38:00.000+01:002019-01-14T08:19:45.521+01:00Leopoldville 1959 – Martyrs for Independence<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">On
December 30, 1958, leaders of the Kalamu Section of ABAKO (Alliance des
Bakongo, an early political party) wrote to the Premier Bourgmestre (Mayor) of
the City of Leopoldville advising of their plans to hold a meeting at the YMCA
the following Sunday, January 4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Assuming
they had concurrence with their plans, the ABAKO leaders began notifying their
membership of the planned event. Because of the New Year holiday, however, the
Bourgmestre, Jean Tordeur, did not receive the letter until Friday, and his
response was not received by Vital Moanda, the President of ABAKO Kalamu, until
noon on Saturday, January 3. The Bourgmestre noted that ABAKO did not request
permission, therefore the meeting should be considered private, otherwise they
were well-informed of the regulations governing public meetings.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY1a9Sz_MjjEAC72uCxPb-1fjn07Vt5ttNjUL8-hWQl0lvsn6NIAK7vSxhhWSPmfTYQISPfMuDrLNegP7rSRY24ALO38API35FoSJUwKAOWeyUXvcptL50r3aBrAxoqOQB8LhUV-zfRe4/s1600/Leo+Stade+Baudouin+%2528ebay02%2529-copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="361" data-original-width="510" height="452" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY1a9Sz_MjjEAC72uCxPb-1fjn07Vt5ttNjUL8-hWQl0lvsn6NIAK7vSxhhWSPmfTYQISPfMuDrLNegP7rSRY24ALO38API35FoSJUwKAOWeyUXvcptL50r3aBrAxoqOQB8LhUV-zfRe4/s640/Leo+Stade+Baudouin+%2528ebay02%2529-copy.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A view of Kalamu from Stade
Baudouin (Photo: Pvt. Coll.)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Leopoldville
was in a state of heightened political tension at this time. In
December 1957 the previous year, the Belgians had allowed the first opening
toward Congolese self-governance with elections of African Bourgmestres in 8 newly-created
Communes. July 6, 1958 a new Congolese-edited political journal, the <i>Presence Africaine</i> was inaugurated on
Ave Victoire in Dendale Commune. Joseph Kasavubu, President of ABAKO and
Bourgmestre of Dendale Commune, attended. Across the river in Brazzaville in
August 1958, French President DeGaulle announced Independence for all French
Territories in Africa. On December 28,
Congolese delegates returned from the Pan-African Conference in Accra. Patrice Lumumba,
Gaston Diomi (Bourgmestre of Ngiri-Ngiri) and Joseph Ngalula (Editor of the <i>Presence Africaine</i>) organized a press
conference outside the Kalamu Commune office on Ave. Victoire to report on the
meetings. Considering that ABAKO Bourgmestres headed the three Communes in the “Nouvelle
Cité”, ABAKO felt under pressure to respond to the initiative led by Lumumba’s rival
MNC.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY858KqRMQS6HP65Xb2_v5l7K5xiYqsSoVvK2wsEVQcYsmUA0i1LOExxztgJ_HGBn9d1kAw_WX6-_MHmCr65LAA9aJejuwWLLQYZQuJc3zL7QWRl4_uYIiWgVS6JSid_Mdk9RBPh2yAUI/s1600/Map+Leo%25271954+Nouvelle+Cite+%2528katembo+-+temp1%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1226" data-original-width="1600" height="490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY858KqRMQS6HP65Xb2_v5l7K5xiYqsSoVvK2wsEVQcYsmUA0i1LOExxztgJ_HGBn9d1kAw_WX6-_MHmCr65LAA9aJejuwWLLQYZQuJc3zL7QWRl4_uYIiWgVS6JSid_Mdk9RBPh2yAUI/s640/Map+Leo%25271954+Nouvelle+Cite+%2528katembo+-+temp1%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;">Legend: [1] Kalamu Commune Office, [2] YMCA, [3] Kasavubu's residence [4] Foncobel, [5] Commune of Dendale, [6] Commune of Kalamu, [7] Commune of Ngiri-Ngiri. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The
“Nouvelle Cité”, was created south of the original (old) African cité after
World War II under the direction of Leopoldville Territorial Administrator
Fernand Dendale and then more formal subdivisions were developed by the Office
des Cités Africaines. The African
population of the city had more than doubled during the war, from 47,000 in
1940 to 96,000 in 1945, and new residential areas were urgently needed. The
post-war economic boom that continued to attract migrants had faltered, however.
Unemployment in the city had nearly doubled from 13,173 to 22,277 in the seven
months leading up to December. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxuiWDT2kdwLpSGYAH2omKrvLugU4prWOHd3jtfdE-AKd8B5MnREYdBrmJll9AGT9AYWOD49LkNZSotwSlFNC_pzw8aFfzEPSN2evZzuZDiic5ouBQ3pa-pvWShsA8iHKxbZGnRbDQHbk/s1600/Leo+Ave+Baudouin+M.Bokandu+Ph.DaCruz+%2528NWU%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1147" data-original-width="1600" height="458" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxuiWDT2kdwLpSGYAH2omKrvLugU4prWOHd3jtfdE-AKd8B5MnREYdBrmJll9AGT9AYWOD49LkNZSotwSlFNC_pzw8aFfzEPSN2evZzuZDiic5ouBQ3pa-pvWShsA8iHKxbZGnRbDQHbk/s640/Leo+Ave+Baudouin+M.Bokandu+Ph.DaCruz+%2528NWU%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Middle class housing on Ave. Prince Baudouin in 1947. (Photo: Pvt. Coll.)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">These
new developments were established as the Communes of Dendale (now Kasavubu),
Kalamu and Ngiri-Ngiri for the elections in 1957, while the old Cité was
subdivided into the Communes of St. Jean (Lingwala), Kinshasa and Barumbu. The
Nouvelle Cité was connected to the old Cité and the
European section by Avenue Prince Baudouin (see map below). After the creation of the Office
des Cités Africains (OCA) in March 1952 (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/09/leopoldville-1952-office-des-cites.html">Sept.30, 2011</a></i>), the agency built several planned subdivisions in Kalamu,
including Renkin (now Matonge), Foncobel (now Kimbangu) and Yolo Nord & Sud
the adjacent the European Commune of Limete. Further development to the south
was constrained by large concessions previously granted to European companies
and individuals, such as Foncobel (Fonds Colonial Belge). As a result, OCA opted
to build large “satellite” communities further south (Matete, Ndjili, Lemba)
which were connected to the city via Blvd. Leopold III (now Blvd. Lumumba).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5HeoG9ZNFyf4Gn8ZZ0_O2NqSCLrKWaPEYq7mkYCzWN0i6pRwvr7hYU7dNSbN6zqHt-MlIT9TI67yTbNpI8e7LS1TIyusUN-XKS20fWoWpLqUWAGOwi0NkueDDhUDOn_8iheg60gA9chc/s1600/Leo+Ave+Baudouin%25274702+%2528Delc%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="616" data-original-width="962" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5HeoG9ZNFyf4Gn8ZZ0_O2NqSCLrKWaPEYq7mkYCzWN0i6pRwvr7hYU7dNSbN6zqHt-MlIT9TI67yTbNpI8e7LS1TIyusUN-XKS20fWoWpLqUWAGOwi0NkueDDhUDOn_8iheg60gA9chc/s640/Leo+Ave+Baudouin%25274702+%2528Delc%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ave. Prince Baudouin in the late 1940s. The Foyer Social is at left (Photo: Pvt. Coll.)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The
YMCA, recently opened on Ave Prince Baudouin in Kalamu, was a logical choice as
a venue, but potentially problematic considering the tenuous relationship of the
sponsoring branch of the Belgian YMCA with the other Protestant groups in the
city. The established missions accepted
the need for programs focused on youth but were wary of a religious movement
not specifically associated with a church, recalling the negative reaction to
the Salvation Army and the Kimbanguist church (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2012/05/leopoldville-1934-salvation-army.html">May 14, 2012</a></i>) The Colonial authorities were cautiously open, but noted
that other youth-focused groups existed, such as the Catholic JOC. After a
decade of preparatory work in the city, the YMCA complex was inaugurated in
1958 by Provincial Commissioner Paquet. The facility comprised two wings surrounding
a basketball court and included a 40-bed hotel, a restaurant, auditorium,
classrooms and workshops. The YMCA designated Simon Tezzo, a former OTRACO train
station master affiliated with the American Baptist mission, as facility
manager.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAVzBtvcuJ3CkhBOmRlPbu8FfJokB1iLwxOY7OAk1hz3TIEAwG0CMF7WnYJB-BBS2Kbp9L9mlASnRGrUYpT_bRJRSz3p3fpA9HAA8ndgHK2_xqOhUovrK1pv_H-kPcTqpLSiZQgmlntWk/s1600/Leo+YMCA+Makula+%25281%2529-copy.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="295" data-original-width="437" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAVzBtvcuJ3CkhBOmRlPbu8FfJokB1iLwxOY7OAk1hz3TIEAwG0CMF7WnYJB-BBS2Kbp9L9mlASnRGrUYpT_bRJRSz3p3fpA9HAA8ndgHK2_xqOhUovrK1pv_H-kPcTqpLSiZQgmlntWk/s640/Leo+YMCA+Makula+%25281%2529-copy.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The YMCA on Ave. Baudouin shortly after opening. (Photo: aml-cfwb.be)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The
Bourgmestre’s veiled warning unsettled the Kalamu organizers. It was very late
in the day to advise their supporters of a change of date, which they now
proposed for January 18. A small group that appeared at 10:00 on Sunday morning
accepted the decision and dispersed, but people continued to arrive at the YMCA
and by 13:00 over 4000 had filled basketball court. Kasabubu’s arrival to
confirm the rescheduling (the Abako President’s residence was located
diagonally across Ave Baudouin from the Y), appeared to mollify expectations, but
the sudden arrival of the Premier Bourgmestre’s representative captured the
crowd’s attention and people turned back and filled the street between Ave
Victoire from the Y along Ave Prince Baudouin. Europeans driving by on Ave.
Baudouin had stones thrown at their cars.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4gN9aQmktR3h4KK0rAIsVbqWpxG3qft4ly83FhwEh97vzjG8Agl1eNrnOgTxiyumF9-9On0rUUgQCw1CHGqni7ojk59eXUDVKlos6ImOSBXSWpDXZ4fgApUYxGGSFCvBNd9XXbAL8-kA/s1600/Leo+Riots%252759+YMCA+%2528rtbf.19%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1156" data-original-width="1432" height="516" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4gN9aQmktR3h4KK0rAIsVbqWpxG3qft4ly83FhwEh97vzjG8Agl1eNrnOgTxiyumF9-9On0rUUgQCw1CHGqni7ojk59eXUDVKlos6ImOSBXSWpDXZ4fgApUYxGGSFCvBNd9XXbAL8-kA/s640/Leo+Riots%252759+YMCA+%2528rtbf.19%2529.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The crowd gathered at the YMCA basketball court. (Photo: rtbf.be)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEighHg0n8DVlMWX2dQLk-1Gs5nvKKOp1kJNB8VejTN7xVVmCLH80CGCJ3a6f5WgnCyix8TAwI7MZN0Gpk-4v13S6IFa5o3yZUuLnyY8dsL-zyPHwvS_tDZ81Ed8e3IlPZG43CqgAdAPXqw/s1600/Leo+Riots%252759+Kasa+%2528mboka%2527171210%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1058" data-original-width="1088" height="620" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEighHg0n8DVlMWX2dQLk-1Gs5nvKKOp1kJNB8VejTN7xVVmCLH80CGCJ3a6f5WgnCyix8TAwI7MZN0Gpk-4v13S6IFa5o3yZUuLnyY8dsL-zyPHwvS_tDZ81Ed8e3IlPZG43CqgAdAPXqw/s640/Leo+Riots%252759+Kasa+%2528mboka%2527171210%2529.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kasavubu (dark suit) addresses the crowd at the YMCA (Photo: Mboka Mosika)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Kasavubu
returned at 15:00, but his remarks in French were drowned out by the crowd.
Shortly after, the police on the street began to beat back participants in an
attempt to drive them away. Demonstrators targeted gas stations on Ave. Prince
Baudouin. The arrival of a contingent of
Military Police from nearby Camp Leopold II only inflamed the crowd. Bourgmestre Pinzi climbed up on a vehicle to
calm the crowd, but to no avail.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzq3uCwKugE8CsQCZ9BQtjh-RAbwC3OcDz6-icalc_dLPFxjR2Af3y1ikaCTRubQMZJs15R1v5nK7hFmkFBfTY_7PM9k05u6qEWUIDl0KO4inEqKYzGJ4SPxSNogxTlxpyXSYaxmFKwgE/s1600/Leo+Riots%252759+Pinzi+%2528mboka%2527171210%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="606" data-original-width="1152" height="336" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzq3uCwKugE8CsQCZ9BQtjh-RAbwC3OcDz6-icalc_dLPFxjR2Af3y1ikaCTRubQMZJs15R1v5nK7hFmkFBfTY_7PM9k05u6qEWUIDl0KO4inEqKYzGJ4SPxSNogxTlxpyXSYaxmFKwgE/s640/Leo+Riots%252759+Pinzi+%2528mboka%2527171210%2529.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kalamu Bourgmestre Pinzi speaking from the top of a vehicle. (Photo: Mboka Mosika)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0jp1sBDSdUxbqHEnTVQrFUxlqO-PPkJF_HUKDZOXMIc8GhqJdGe06dv-oKLTAapiM34d7dnmv627s5h5uEGzo6saD8lShEhSqiZJR9DURvC-f81lHb0lLnyAsvgTcsrPOw4oKxhxfOco/s1600/Leo+Riots%252759+Fina+station+%2528rtbf%252719%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="830" data-original-width="1600" height="331" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0jp1sBDSdUxbqHEnTVQrFUxlqO-PPkJF_HUKDZOXMIc8GhqJdGe06dv-oKLTAapiM34d7dnmv627s5h5uEGzo6saD8lShEhSqiZJR9DURvC-f81lHb0lLnyAsvgTcsrPOw4oKxhxfOco/s640/Leo+Riots%252759+Fina+station+%2528rtbf%252719%2529.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Attack on a Petrofina gas station. (Photo: rtbf.be)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Around
5:00 pm, the rioters began to move “en masse”, albeit slowly, northwards towards
the European city. At the same time
other rioters headed south towards the Foncobel commercial district at the end
of Ave. Baudouin. This was a European commercial center in the heart of the
Congolese cité.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2icWxgdNaUtC-dETux32FNwCpnrRvhFF8jwApdRSfI7uzDLDg_o16w7-fyQZ1W-oHRXDU88L7a05dWbGIw1-gp4Xemuubip83Peiz-M3l3MdkbNI26ml6MzI8Yvm78v02JibbGVfRPGA/s1600/Map+Leo%25271954+Nouvelle+Cite+%2526+Ville+%2528katembo+-temp%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="866" data-original-width="1600" height="346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2icWxgdNaUtC-dETux32FNwCpnrRvhFF8jwApdRSfI7uzDLDg_o16w7-fyQZ1W-oHRXDU88L7a05dWbGIw1-gp4Xemuubip83Peiz-M3l3MdkbNI26ml6MzI8Yvm78v02JibbGVfRPGA/s640/Map+Leo%25271954+Nouvelle+Cite+%2526+Ville+%2528katembo+-temp%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;">Legend: [1] the European city, [2] the old African cité, [3] the Nouvelle Cité, [4] Ave Baudouin linking the three districts.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Foncobel
was a large land concession granted to the Fonds Colonial Belge, created in
1929 by local entrepreneur Joseph Jancart and the Expansion Colonial Belge as
primary investment partner. By 1949,
Foncobel was dissolved, the General Assembly noting that the company had no
recent activity. OCA picked up the
concession to develop new housing, with Foncobel retained as the name of the
quartier. It was a commercial center serving the Nouvelle Cité. Most of the proprietors were Portuguese or
Greeks who provided retail commercial services to Congolese. Though not Belgians,
the mob focused their frustration on them.
The shopkeepers sought shelter together and some pulled out hunting
rifles to defend themselves.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8I2owHAgcbsfmIlsFW15-d9FILLJwuIgA2ulXmWRG0VKEVO0TqmA9yt_3gaxxn1HfIrzNos4ci9t83FxqUMgzTKGz28YE91SlzS6CfFX6nA2YCHixLgEn6owzyhbLaEh13CPvJ9hjfT8/s1600/Leo+Riots%2527590104+%2528afp%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="942" data-original-width="1000" height="602" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8I2owHAgcbsfmIlsFW15-d9FILLJwuIgA2ulXmWRG0VKEVO0TqmA9yt_3gaxxn1HfIrzNos4ci9t83FxqUMgzTKGz28YE91SlzS6CfFX6nA2YCHixLgEn6owzyhbLaEh13CPvJ9hjfT8/s640/Leo+Riots%2527590104+%2528afp%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rioters attacking a Police vehicle. (Photo: afp.com)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">By
20:50 the situation appeared out of control and Provincial Governor Bomans called
in the Force Publique, the colonial Army. These were joined the following day
by elements of the Metropolitan army flown in from the Belgian Metropolitan
military base at Kamina.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Complicating the
Force Publique’s mission were European “volunteer” militia that arrived on the the
streets but were encouraged to return home after being advised that the Congolese
NCOs commanding the guard posts would be giving them orders.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioPdWuIWcZO_1lXrQChEoZHJmO9MiI27T2y3gHALcnWANMYgSPFQ41AKMgAWVEcE_50JB9AbuaahgmAlq20IhGVjU_1YNxfOFnMYTQJB9vY6LSdIuXnFWZwBtyBY4Dfk3ljiGvrhUN87o/s1600/Leo+Riots%252759+FP+%2528rtbf.19%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="874" data-original-width="1600" height="349" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioPdWuIWcZO_1lXrQChEoZHJmO9MiI27T2y3gHALcnWANMYgSPFQ41AKMgAWVEcE_50JB9AbuaahgmAlq20IhGVjU_1YNxfOFnMYTQJB9vY6LSdIuXnFWZwBtyBY4Dfk3ljiGvrhUN87o/s640/Leo+Riots%252759+FP+%2528rtbf.19%2529.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Elements of the Force Publique confront the rioters (Photo: rtbf.be)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">On
the night of January 4, the Force Publique deployed its troops to erect
barricades and secure 5 zones to prevent the rioters from entering the European
city. Primary points included the Gombe
River bridge on Ave. Josephine Charlotte (now Liberation), Police Camp
Lufungula on Ave. Huileries (Democratie), the Zoo on Ave. Baudouin (Kasavubu)
up to Ave. Kabinda, and the Marche on Ave Plateau as well as Ave Syndicat to
the east leading into the industrial neighborhood of Ndolo. Thwarted in their
attempt to invade the European city, at 2:00 am on January 5, the mob sacked
the new Sarma commercial block, one of several buildings designed by architect
Claude Laurens in the 1950s (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/08/leopoldville-1950s-tropical-modernism.html">Aug. 5, 2011</a></i>). At about the same time, on Ave.
Josephine Charlotte, the military rescued the Danish Consul and his wife who
had been pulled from their car by demonstrators. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-FJn8ELAsQq3erUhfrHI94aWF-5m2kSZfJZt_3Uc-0om_FWmAl3ezKf_mL5iY2iK-yWyn7Wp3AS8tqIII5uxAOlLmTao48Tm0_NTQL415V1mAKhp4jGIN-PbsnUTNtbnvlMeji1gznMU/s1600/Leo+Sarma+%2528wikinshasa02%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="526" data-original-width="800" height="420" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-FJn8ELAsQq3erUhfrHI94aWF-5m2kSZfJZt_3Uc-0om_FWmAl3ezKf_mL5iY2iK-yWyn7Wp3AS8tqIII5uxAOlLmTao48Tm0_NTQL415V1mAKhp4jGIN-PbsnUTNtbnvlMeji1gznMU/s640/Leo+Sarma+%2528wikinshasa02%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The SARMA store near the Marche Publique. (Photo: wikinshasa.org)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Throughout
the day Monday, January 5, the Force Public maintained the cordon around the
European city and proceeded with mopping up operations, including rescue around
noon of Europeans from Foncobel. On
Tuesday, January 6, the FP occupied the Communes of Dendale, Kalamu and
Ngiri-Ngiri. On the following day, the
military secured the Commune offices in the three locations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp26TjF8xgP5-Nf6mHMASByNj4YEg8U-p-UESI3g5KBdJPSTMv0_rYiCJYG4DymB2pHz3LhTwrYoV3wgt8NhgrIchUbREZ6ZxuzR1EMSpMBA4YZQoNdJuYZgrBn7QL4qyMvDJNY-fwZds/s1600/Leo+Riots%252759+Foncobel+Q+%2528rtbf%252719%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1144" data-original-width="1600" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp26TjF8xgP5-Nf6mHMASByNj4YEg8U-p-UESI3g5KBdJPSTMv0_rYiCJYG4DymB2pHz3LhTwrYoV3wgt8NhgrIchUbREZ6ZxuzR1EMSpMBA4YZQoNdJuYZgrBn7QL4qyMvDJNY-fwZds/s640/Leo+Riots%252759+Foncobel+Q+%2528rtbf%252719%2529.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A commercial street after the riots. (Photo: rtbf.be)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The
Belgian authorities blamed the Congolese leadership of the Communes for the
riots and issued an order for Kasabubu’s arrest on Jan. 5. Pinzi was also
arrested. This, as elsewhere in Africa
during the struggle for Independence, had the effect of enhancing their
credentials. The Force Publique proceeded with mopping up activities, but still
the operation (according to their own records) resulted in 12 killed and 72
injured. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheZ4yVrjttgTZ0PozEzdIIrgpjGRkeYOKs6Oh6w0K4j1xrHrFNwVVtB33_8i7cblYonwxAZxSLOXfjsoXTUg0gfWTXmJ9OcqHcDkPxvpxhL-5Yz5ttGofM_dLh10whgZpdXONNW9gtW0w/s1600/Leo+Riots%252759+FP+%2528aml%2529-copy.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="580" data-original-width="866" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheZ4yVrjttgTZ0PozEzdIIrgpjGRkeYOKs6Oh6w0K4j1xrHrFNwVVtB33_8i7cblYonwxAZxSLOXfjsoXTUg0gfWTXmJ9OcqHcDkPxvpxhL-5Yz5ttGofM_dLh10whgZpdXONNW9gtW0w/s640/Leo+Riots%252759+FP+%2528aml%2529-copy.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Force Publique maintains order following the riots (Photo: aml-cfwb.be)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">On
January 13, King Baudouin announced eventual independence for Congo. A Working
Group at the Ministry of the Colonies had been expected to issue a report on
possible governance reforms in the colony on that very date, but overtaken by
events, the riots forced Belgium’s hand.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">One
casualty of the riots was the Premier Bourgemestre, Jean Tordeur, who was
transferred to a cushy exile in Ruanda-Urundi.
Another was the new African hospital under construction on Ave.
Josephine Charlotte near Camp Leopold.
Construction halted under reports that the structure was unsound, and
later that budget resources dried up after Independence. After a brief period as an MPR party
facility, it was not until 2010 that the Kabila government launched a
rehabilitation of the structure as the Hopital du Cinquantennaire.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm20h6y2VyXWiCIMBQhcu32ill0OjUkGe30gsOq6NIe1A-PHV43akrah79VDMahgcuf_DN32exb10rIDI1PWsGcnFJpVkbM5iRU1ckyyVCviqTk4wpvkFe3pmQTGwkuuNK3owZ6ulWf88/s1600/Kin+Hosp+Cinquantenaire%252711+%2528AmbRDC-flickr5%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="482" data-original-width="720" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm20h6y2VyXWiCIMBQhcu32ill0OjUkGe30gsOq6NIe1A-PHV43akrah79VDMahgcuf_DN32exb10rIDI1PWsGcnFJpVkbM5iRU1ckyyVCviqTk4wpvkFe3pmQTGwkuuNK3owZ6ulWf88/s640/Kin+Hosp+Cinquantenaire%252711+%2528AmbRDC-flickr5%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hopital du Cinquantennaire. (Photo: Ambassade de la RDC on flickr)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The
drive for Independence carried Kasavubu to become Congo’s first President in
June 1960 in which he served until he was deposed by Joseph Mobutu in November 1965. In 2010 on the 50<sup>th</sup> Anniversary of
Independence, a statue in his honor was erected at Rond Point Kimpwanza on Ave
Victoire in Kasavubu Commune. Arthur
Pinzi became Minister of Finance in the Adoula Government in 1961, then
Ambassador to Cote d’Ivoire. Gaston Diomi was elected Governor of Leopoldville Province after Indpendence. Quartier Renkin in Kalamu, developed into the
celebrated Matonge district of the Kinshasa music scene.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglDEfejDc4_EInysyOYPkeZG1ZlWiDEfIF9NCuXP6jDI6_CaEUc5x2f7NtX_omfAVQPr2op7MQaA3CwHofcxFx5UKUsMM58iDz2J2xvB7CF2gtmbEWsrJZxMKw0klBFh_adjvKasFZzYg/s1600/Kin+Kasa+Res%252717+%2528SS01%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglDEfejDc4_EInysyOYPkeZG1ZlWiDEfIF9NCuXP6jDI6_CaEUc5x2f7NtX_omfAVQPr2op7MQaA3CwHofcxFx5UKUsMM58iDz2J2xvB7CF2gtmbEWsrJZxMKw0klBFh_adjvKasFZzYg/s640/Kin+Kasa+Res%252717+%2528SS01%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">President Kasavubu's house on Ave. Kasavubu in 2017. (Photo: author)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC42n9p45rtw5gbcPotaT7k2Amug4AZ_mwoc-mLFHMe5f5mnL4Vv6qiJQz5s1f20qP-ghXj6ozURhCV-PAmeebzR0_UNlf7y25VDwQs5grVnfS_OrxrpA49UJUw_rhbjS032vw6qUC5Hk/s1600/Kin+Kasa+Res%252717+%2528SS05%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC42n9p45rtw5gbcPotaT7k2Amug4AZ_mwoc-mLFHMe5f5mnL4Vv6qiJQz5s1f20qP-ghXj6ozURhCV-PAmeebzR0_UNlf7y25VDwQs5grVnfS_OrxrpA49UJUw_rhbjS032vw6qUC5Hk/s640/Kin+Kasa+Res%252717+%2528SS05%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kasavubu's House. (Photo: author)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ805vKWX1BjIgymywiIYQaWEi_hfFIIcJv8ZcheO5RX91FgnXQ0m_YVWh95WiQKp6UgdvdfMLq7fxh_wYXx_PDF9lsOlS2YzTx8LV8D3QkduE7If9kCqGfd-UsoZ7GO3XCC-_p3Y2OOE/s1600/Kin+Mont+Kasa+%2528skyscrapercity%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1200" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ805vKWX1BjIgymywiIYQaWEi_hfFIIcJv8ZcheO5RX91FgnXQ0m_YVWh95WiQKp6UgdvdfMLq7fxh_wYXx_PDF9lsOlS2YzTx8LV8D3QkduE7If9kCqGfd-UsoZ7GO3XCC-_p3Y2OOE/s640/Kin+Mont+Kasa+%2528skyscrapercity%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A statue of President Kasavubu at Rond Point Kimpwanza in 2010 (skyscrapercity.com)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">In
1967, Mobutu’s new youth movement JMPR (Jeunesse de la Mouvement Populaire de
la Revolution) attempted to take over the YMCA.
After a three-and-a-half-hour interrogation of two secretaries at the Y,
the JMPR ejected the YMCA staff and occupied the building. The following year, the JMPR ceded the
premises back to the YMCA, but the facility no longer had the same
vitality. A women’s group held meetings
there and a school opened. Today, two
schools operate there on a split schedule and the meeting hall is a popular
venue for community workshops.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTQfe6kvko9TFGb24f0Bg4sZ1c4BgzOkcgl_1s9A1m1BA9Xa9tahwzrYNyhWsAuIbMh_Y7flXLb6_S1MKUb0cpnYp7RO8nGj79FVFv8IY2DhWJ0OVOqRYsp5njCItAc0tVWZwgvJNDo7g/s1600/Kin+YMCA%252717+%2528SS06%2529-copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1600" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTQfe6kvko9TFGb24f0Bg4sZ1c4BgzOkcgl_1s9A1m1BA9Xa9tahwzrYNyhWsAuIbMh_Y7flXLb6_S1MKUb0cpnYp7RO8nGj79FVFv8IY2DhWJ0OVOqRYsp5njCItAc0tVWZwgvJNDo7g/s640/Kin+YMCA%252717+%2528SS06%2529-copy.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The basketball court at the YMCA in 2017. (Photo: author)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwgxatc3buvI0iOlYDGcChGGk-yyeFu1jDSkjPVkFQXeGgEHeqZ-58CrNPiPtPUIA8frhd3Kbt2TQLWPEZDAo1831Qk1eLiXNNm6-xoQe3PFKjMrbnJDVblAOnLsnLGn25gw__PjnX3Qw/s1600/Kin+YMCA%252717+%2528SS08%2529-copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1600" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwgxatc3buvI0iOlYDGcChGGk-yyeFu1jDSkjPVkFQXeGgEHeqZ-58CrNPiPtPUIA8frhd3Kbt2TQLWPEZDAo1831Qk1eLiXNNm6-xoQe3PFKjMrbnJDVblAOnLsnLGn25gw__PjnX3Qw/s640/Kin+YMCA%252717+%2528SS08%2529-copy.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The restaurant at the YMCA. (Photo: author)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjupGzXojaDITDxsYRMIX9CPYAgY5evy49FbITPmchtXQT3-ea3MmbvWxi2ZGPQ9o4TEwf2E6881X_IgkQKSj4V0ugifS_WsrRZwDKXFD-vxJVJON8-QeS49_F1NVIw9YT9qqzkkPgoNMk/s1600/Kin+YMCA%252717+%2528SS07%2529-copy_edited-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1481" data-original-width="1600" height="592" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjupGzXojaDITDxsYRMIX9CPYAgY5evy49FbITPmchtXQT3-ea3MmbvWxi2ZGPQ9o4TEwf2E6881X_IgkQKSj4V0ugifS_WsrRZwDKXFD-vxJVJON8-QeS49_F1NVIw9YT9qqzkkPgoNMk/s640/Kin+YMCA%252717+%2528SS07%2529-copy_edited-1.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A commemorative poster on display at the YMCA. (Photo: author)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The
events of January 1959 in the Nouvelle </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Cité were
clearly the catalyst for accelerated independence in a timeframe not
anticipated by the colonials. With the coming of Independence on June 30, 1960,
the locus of governance shifted from Brussels to Leopoldville and the axis of power established between the
administrative district of Kalina (now Gombe) and the Presidential palace on
Mont Ngaliema. Leopoldville-Kinshasa continued to play a central role in
affairs of state, but the local government at the Commune level would never
again be so influential. Local government elections, including those for Commune Councils are scheduled for December 2019, the first such since Mobutu's coup in 1965.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Sources</span></b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-ansi-language: FR;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Archives et Musée de la Littérature (http://www.aml-cfwb.be/catalogues/general)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Belgium, Chambre de Représentants, 27 mars 1959, « Commission
Parlementaire chargée de faire une enquête sur les évènements qui se sont
produits à Léopoldville en janvier 1959 »<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><br /></span>
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Mboka
Mosika, 17 décembre, 2017. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-ansi-language: FR;"></span>« Liste des bourgmestres de
la ville de Léopoldville des années ’58 et ‘59 »<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-ansi-language: FR;"> (</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">http://www.mbokamosika.com/2017/12/liste-des-bourgmestres-de-la-ville-de-leopoldville.html)</span><br />
<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Mutamba Makombo, 1998. <u>Du Congo belge au Congo indépendant,
1940-1960: émergence des "évolués" et genèse du nationalisme</u>, <o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Publications
de l’Institut de formation et d’études politiques.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Ryckmans, Francois, 2019. « <span style="color: #333333;">Il y a 60 ans,
au Congo belge, le soulèvement de Léopoldville »,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>(</span>https://www.rtbf.be/info/monde/detail_il-y-a-60-ans-au-congo-belge-le-soulevement-de-leopoldville?id=10110666)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />Mwana Mbokahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01575491982841275224noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3042101873369162734.post-67395769904282055032018-08-22T01:33:00.005+01:002018-08-22T09:28:17.735+01:00Leopoldville 1928 - The Royals Visit<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ninety
years ago, at the end of June 1928, King Albert and Queen Elisabeth of Belgium
visited Leopoldville.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The city was selected
to replace Boma as the capital of the Belgian Congo in 1923, but the formal
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</span>The activities of the royal visit provide a snapshot in time of the
city and foreshadowed some of its future development.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kinshasa port, commercial district and cite in the 1920s</td></tr>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The
royal couple arrived by train from Kisantu on June 27. They had flown from Boma
to Thysville (Mbanza Ngungu) to avoid a Yellow Fever epidemic at the railhead in
Matadi. From there, they continued by rail to visit the Botanical Gardens at
Kisantu and then on to Leopoldville. At that time, the railway line ran down
what is now Blvd. du 30 Juin and the Gare was located where the Regina Hotel stood, opposite Place Braconnier </span><span style="font-size: small;">(</span><i><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/01/kinshasa-2010-boulevard-30-juin-comes.html">Jan. 23,2011</a>)</span><span style="font-size: large;">.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></i><span style="font-size: large;">Kolonga Molei, journalist and
first editor of the news magazine “Zaire” in 1971, recalled at three years old,
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: large;">Every aspect of the visit was choreographed with great ceremony to impress upon the Congolese the link that bound them to the metropole.</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: large;">They might have a traditional chief, but Albert was their </span><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">King</span></i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: large;">.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5_5Zj6yjsbAGf1-7Nde1SPUqox64w5jnLr5an5NEVENtHDwZ9rZ65gGPrcrSb3Qrm7tFg1Qu0TTxWbUbUYGHPETWEfsBegzMizy1ym820Erqj3yHLnw3pGUEa3evrAP4I7d5fABenglE/s1600/Leo+Albert+Visit%252728+Gare+%2528delc01%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="529" data-original-width="787" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5_5Zj6yjsbAGf1-7Nde1SPUqox64w5jnLr5an5NEVENtHDwZ9rZ65gGPrcrSb3Qrm7tFg1Qu0TTxWbUbUYGHPETWEfsBegzMizy1ym820Erqj3yHLnw3pGUEa3evrAP4I7d5fABenglE/s640/Leo+Albert+Visit%252728+Gare+%2528delc01%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The King and Queen alighting from the train in Leopoldville</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Another view of the train station in 1925 when Prince Leopold III visited</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The building on the right above facing the Place Braconnier was the Banco de Angola</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The
King and Queen’s visit was extensively documented by photographer Casimir
Zagourski, a Polish exile who set up shop in Leopoldville in 1924 </span><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2014/07/leopoldville-1924-photo-zagourski-opens.html">(<i>July 12, 2014</i>)</a></span><span style="font-size: large;">. Dozens of his images
were reproduced as postcards. However, after a commemorative album was
published without his permission, in compensation, the Colonial Ministry
commissioned 500 photographs showcasing the accomplishments of the colonial
mission – ports, railway lines, hospitals, mission stations, and plantations.
There was also an African photographer during the royals’ visit.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">He shows up in the Zagourski images, so it is
not clear if he was an independent or one of Zagourski’s team.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOSC7-OpB5b9ZxsEE0U8V6b83dquO66D47K9k9wyVAqjJz3gMM5F3gY3uWT08OnHoD_xFijhUTpDafhmTn0dH7lytZQl4I0JyQN9HXput5OhxUjJkpP_RhcFxvOKpUU95G7TmWoqmtbmM/s1600/Leo+Albert+visit%252728+Zag+Photos+%2528delc%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="813" height="418" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOSC7-OpB5b9ZxsEE0U8V6b83dquO66D47K9k9wyVAqjJz3gMM5F3gY3uWT08OnHoD_xFijhUTpDafhmTn0dH7lytZQl4I0JyQN9HXput5OhxUjJkpP_RhcFxvOKpUU95G7TmWoqmtbmM/s640/Leo+Albert+visit%252728+Zag+Photos+%2528delc%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A souvenir packet of Zagourski's photos</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiibiMYay1S5MIZ-KnpKeIOhvBv3uLehLhiLkksnf_OsO_L7zkKCADh_FV9Oem8OnXIFX4Pda4A2IEONwv1QenlLhMRsUFvOopyTsciJk8oKAKKmhLi7bKKQR4eQ6wd1S23Sd-ys2CALFc/s1600/Leo+Albert+visit%252728+GovProv+cars+%2528delc01%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="603" data-original-width="963" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiibiMYay1S5MIZ-KnpKeIOhvBv3uLehLhiLkksnf_OsO_L7zkKCADh_FV9Oem8OnXIFX4Pda4A2IEONwv1QenlLhMRsUFvOopyTsciJk8oKAKKmhLi7bKKQR4eQ6wd1S23Sd-ys2CALFc/s640/Leo+Albert+visit%252728+GovProv+cars+%2528delc01%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Royal party at the Provincial Governor's Residence. African photographer on right.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm-WCAmJBuJQx4nzUF3tL34SmLQax1h53dMBYlpb7o0PcUhmY-P_8w1EjNpDuK7EoU8ya1f4seRb0DiFWRof7pyqfLxho1S8eVhy8wXFzQD09rCzDuPyP1DbnxaYTwkPgXhlF3LwvV3UA/s1600/Leo+Albert+visit%252728+Texaf+%2528ebay2%2529+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="478" data-original-width="762" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm-WCAmJBuJQx4nzUF3tL34SmLQax1h53dMBYlpb7o0PcUhmY-P_8w1EjNpDuK7EoU8ya1f4seRb0DiFWRof7pyqfLxho1S8eVhy8wXFzQD09rCzDuPyP1DbnxaYTwkPgXhlF3LwvV3UA/s640/Leo+Albert+visit%252728+Texaf+%2528ebay2%2529+copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Albert leaving the Texaf textile mill. African photographer on right documenting the event.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_g-shFezVx3VGxRvVessyutwrMdnUwcqsXLT2pDH4DcznBvZtAmeuw_EgaES05_McJAuVgQgTaZ1XbG42fW01XtacjU2TJlqPsZ7T16d1nFiRW8vbisEIagoFb7O2H3oW4bUo9EFFY-U/s1600/Leo+Albert+Visit%252728+parade+%2528delc03%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="603" data-original-width="949" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_g-shFezVx3VGxRvVessyutwrMdnUwcqsXLT2pDH4DcznBvZtAmeuw_EgaES05_McJAuVgQgTaZ1XbG42fW01XtacjU2TJlqPsZ7T16d1nFiRW8vbisEIagoFb7O2H3oW4bUo9EFFY-U/s640/Leo+Albert+Visit%252728+parade+%2528delc03%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Zagourski photo of the crowd along the parade route</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">June
29, Albert visited the installations at Texaf and ceremonially switched on the
machines in the new “salle des batteurs” which transformed Congolese cotton
into thread </span><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/07/kinshasa-2011-architecture-tour-redux.html">(<i>July 3, 2011</i>)</a></span><span style="font-size: large;">. The Texaf
Director, Joseph Rhodius, assured that notwithstanding the doubts of some,
Congolese workers could produce quality output if well supported.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">He promised to present the Queen the first
bobbin of thread and first piece of fabric, expected to be produced by
December. Texaf was the first major industry in the city, going beyond its
primary role as a transportation nexus and administrative center.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">In 1928, as well, the colony ceded the port
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Industriel du Congo (Chanic), which Albert also visited.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Leaving the Texaf building.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLOQqwKhFfto6Dj5yYMh0w78W2UEr84hr09LcvZ6aPPKmxef-w9ZixORMOIJeUijJduycix5e9RgbrC3cHCTUUqK6-RgCJPGJo7gYlkubUAT_gSA2Uo50U4oPn5KIS2KPOpvcKVQZu8-o/s1600/Kin+Utex%252716+%2528SS01%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLOQqwKhFfto6Dj5yYMh0w78W2UEr84hr09LcvZ6aPPKmxef-w9ZixORMOIJeUijJduycix5e9RgbrC3cHCTUUqK6-RgCJPGJo7gYlkubUAT_gSA2Uo50U4oPn5KIS2KPOpvcKVQZu8-o/s640/Kin+Utex%252716+%2528SS01%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Texaf in 2016 - The textile mill has closed and the extensive plant is now repurposed as office space.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The King visits a barge under construction at Chanic</td></tr>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">On
Saturday, June 30, the Royal couple met with the movers and shakers of the
city, beginning with the Comité Urbain, an advisory body chaired by the
Commissaire de District. Responding to Commissaire Wauters’ address, the King
expressed his approval of initiatives to drain the wetlands on the periphery of
the city and the recent provision of piped water. They next met with the Chamber of Commerce,
many of whose members sat on the Comité Urbain. Here, the King admonished them
not only to serve their constituents, but to make recommendations to Government
which would contribute to the overall development of the Colony. Albert also
presided over the inauguration of the new Chamber offices launched by Prince
Leopold during his visit in 1925. Finally, a reception was held in their honor
at the Cercle de Leopoldville, known informally as the “Cercle des Nobles” for
its exclusive character.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stopping in front of the District Building on Ave Cambier. The Marche Coupole in the background</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Leaving the Chamber of Commerce</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">At the Cercle de Leopoldville</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Today the Cercle building is occupied by the Traffic Police. The back of the original building faces Blvd. 30 Juin.</td></tr>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Sunday
morning, a brief<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Te Deum</i> mass was
held at Ste. Anne prior to departing for the new administrative district of
Kalinato inaugurate the monument to Leopold II, Albert’s father. The site on
Kalina Point formed the base of the fan of streets where the Governor General’s
residence was to be built </span><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2012/01/leopoldville-1930-governor-general_17.html">(<i>Sept. 12, 2011</i>)</a></span><span style="font-size: large;">.
</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">Although an architectural competition
was held for the Residence in 1928, it was never built due to Depression era
budget cuts </span><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/09/leopoldville-1923-governors-house-and.html">(<i>Jan. 17, 2012</i>)</a></span><span style="font-size: large;">. The equestrian
statue of Leopold was an exact copy of the Thomas Vincotte statue erected in
front of the Royal Palace in Brussels in 1926,</span><span style="font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-size: large;">a gift of the late sculptor’s family. Colonel Paul Ermens, the
Commandant of the Force Publique and President of the monument Committee, gave
a laudatory address enumerating Leopold’s vision and strategic actions to make
Belgium a great world power. Commissaire Wauters in his turn assured the
sovereigns that the entire population of Leopoldville, white and black, was
grateful for the attention paid to their city.<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTC7fh8b0081QAD-yW5f123IokPc4KAfNc9Cdco6aKiYa7BwPksbO2_GNoW285XPvUstbtQk6wHb0lttCNfCvXcX75zbJKlP2F-QTL2n4IiC7SBQJXzjWUYplbp55m1r3YsLdYm-WV5c8/s1600/Leo+Albert+Visit%252728+Ste.Anne+%2528delc03%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="603" data-original-width="387" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTC7fh8b0081QAD-yW5f123IokPc4KAfNc9Cdco6aKiYa7BwPksbO2_GNoW285XPvUstbtQk6wHb0lttCNfCvXcX75zbJKlP2F-QTL2n4IiC7SBQJXzjWUYplbp55m1r3YsLdYm-WV5c8/s640/Leo+Albert+Visit%252728+Ste.Anne+%2528delc03%2529-copy.jpg" width="410" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Albert and Elisabeth leaving Ste. Anne.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The monument to Leopold II, looking south from Kalina Point.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Albert (foreground) and Leopold on the grounds of the National Museum, Ngaliema.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A monument to Laurent Kabila and his mausoleum now occupy the original site of the Leopold II monument.</td></tr>
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Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">King Albert also
visited the Christian Brothers Professional School at Kintambo in Leopoldville
Ouest. Meanwhile, the Queen visited the European hospital on Mont Leopold
(Ngaliema) <a href="https://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2012/11/leopoldville-1902-first-hospital-for_26.html">(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nov. 26, 2012)</i></a> and finding
it to be too narrow and uncomfortable, urged that a new high-quality facility
be built to serve the growing European population.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A site was identified on a hill in Kalina and
construction started on Clinique Reine Elisabeth (Clinique Ngaliema) that same
year. As a result of her trip, the Fonds de la Reine Astrid pour l’assistance
medicale aux indigenes (FOREAMI) was created in 1930. The King established the
Institut National pour l’etude agronomique au Congo Belge (INEAC) in 1933.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both of these royal priorities were commemorated
in the Albert Monument erected in 1939.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtS_4TYHc5R6RH1rJhMIe1DvsslEeZdDjMOHkyxCB6oHOUi_-h01QSsooTiyW18Z_ZNIcHV9tiHOd8k-1gHyZIWnEBHRPk_GfZa4b6YVsHzfpHguhwLslzcQN55OptR1aClRgFB6waYTU/s1600/Leo+Albert+visit%252728+MC+Q+%2528delc%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="495" data-original-width="801" height="394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtS_4TYHc5R6RH1rJhMIe1DvsslEeZdDjMOHkyxCB6oHOUi_-h01QSsooTiyW18Z_ZNIcHV9tiHOd8k-1gHyZIWnEBHRPk_GfZa4b6YVsHzfpHguhwLslzcQN55OptR1aClRgFB6waYTU/s640/Leo+Albert+visit%252728+MC+Q+%2528delc%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The King at the Christian Brothers school in Kintambo.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5gFgkoXAdfHbw3VKvmuI2VYA9uv6NnwZgMSwUlTRoxG3Gq87KK58VFtGnE83pAHwiEahzeo0FjUpFVAkiAY89TkUE3CODckvC7lp0nBnQRWqd0yex3y9gvG_OupGIntmpmataD2KvPys/s1600/Kin+Mont+Albert+Musee%252711+Foreami+%2528SS01a%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5gFgkoXAdfHbw3VKvmuI2VYA9uv6NnwZgMSwUlTRoxG3Gq87KK58VFtGnE83pAHwiEahzeo0FjUpFVAkiAY89TkUE3CODckvC7lp0nBnQRWqd0yex3y9gvG_OupGIntmpmataD2KvPys/s640/Kin+Mont+Albert+Musee%252711+Foreami+%2528SS01a%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A portion of the Albert monument depicting the work of FOREAMI at the National Museum.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Finally, on Monday
July 2, the Royal visitors drove to Ndolo airport for a flight to Luebo in
Kasai Province aboard Sabena’s tri-motor Handley Page “</span><i><span style="font-size: large;">Princesse Marie José” </span><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2013/04/1925-ndolo-airport-first-flight-from.html">(Apr. 27, 2013)</a></span></i><span style="font-size: large;">. From there, they would take
the new railway line to Katanga.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">After
visiting the copper belt cities, they boarded a river boat at Bukama and
followed the arc of the Congo River by steamer and rail north and westward to
Kongolo, Kindu, Stanleyville (Kisangani) and Coquilhatville (Mbandaka) before
returning to Leopoldville by air on August 12. The King and Queen stayed only
briefly before continuing on to Matadi and returning to Belgium.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9mUZ8tiodh-Tfn1ZOOIvO4PJqMUJCxXYWJOdUf2ZeyNTIPgkSn6Bd2FGYAkuoOoLEj_9-Ugz1mWMyzpAJbV2Yn3s8dUqdspueQYjCqDexO4gG4qHLZkv-pms8X5q9Id8DCdQ0AAQC3lM/s1600/Leo+Albert+visit%252728+airport+O-BAHO+%2528delcampe1%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="936" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9mUZ8tiodh-Tfn1ZOOIvO4PJqMUJCxXYWJOdUf2ZeyNTIPgkSn6Bd2FGYAkuoOoLEj_9-Ugz1mWMyzpAJbV2Yn3s8dUqdspueQYjCqDexO4gG4qHLZkv-pms8X5q9Id8DCdQ0AAQC3lM/s640/Leo+Albert+visit%252728+airport+O-BAHO+%2528delcampe1%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">At Ndolo Airport</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Leopoldville
was a growing city of 40,000 people, of which some 37,500 were Congolese.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In addition to the recent construction of the
administrative district of Kalina, piped water was supplied and Texaf planning
to build a hydro-electric plant on the Inkisi River at Sanga to supply its
expanding textile mill.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That and the
Chanic naval yards were the basis of a growing industrial base which would
attract more Congolese to the city. The old narrow-gauge railway from Matadi
was in the final phase of reconstruction and the capital was connected to
Belgium by air and served as a hub for a rapidly growing internal air netork.
Old Leopoldville (Kintambo) remained the capital of Congo-Kasai Province, but
Kalina was the administrative capital of the entire colony and adjacent
Kinshasa rapidly growing into a complimentary commercial hub. All these
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the relocation of some African neighborhoods south of Kinshasa and the creation
of a neutral zone to separate the two communities </span><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/07/leopoldville-1948-le-grand-leo.html">(<i>July 31, 2011</i>)</a></span><span style="font-size: large;">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><b>Sources</b>:</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Brossel, C. 1934. <u>Le
Roi Albert, chef de la colonie,</u> Librairie Falk Fils.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Congo - Revue Générale
de la Colonie Belge, 1928, Vol.2.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Fall, N’Goné, 2001.
<u style="font-size: 12pt;">Photographies Kinshasa</u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, Revue Noire.</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<br /></div>
<!--EndFragment--><br />Mwana Mbokahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01575491982841275224noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3042101873369162734.post-56042518132586952192018-08-02T19:56:00.001+01:002018-08-03T20:38:01.620+01:00Kinshasa 2018 – Former US Consulate Identified<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">In a post a few years back <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2012/02/leopoldville-1929-us-consulate-opens-on_03.html">(Feb. 2, 2012)</a></span>, </i>I reported my surprise
at finding a photo of the first US Consulate in Leopoldville, located in a
well-known landmark building on Place Leopold (aka Place Salongo and or Nioki).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Consulate closed soon afterwards as a
consequence of Depression era budget cuts and did not reopen until 1934.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the
records I’ve consulted to date, there is no indication where the new Consulate
might have been. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We know that Vice
Consul Patrick Mallon hosted a reception at the Consulate for the Pan American
flying boat crew in November 1941 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(<a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2013/04/1925-ndolo-airport-first-flight-from.html">Apr.27, 2013</a>)</i> and another reference indicates that the Consulate moved to new
premises in May 1943. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIo3IzEkhZ3el828iL8K9Kwg5C3aql_mEIm9ESKDg0zn6NkQWdb_nM1IteQM_VQPtKiLX6D5Qb74nUrpL67LlxVtRkmlhtKIiCxqSvzv6d6lXBEtkVvk39QOs5lBsauYGSoeOuRD_O4xk/s1600/Leo+CFA+Pl.Leo+%2528delcampe%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="598" data-original-width="943" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIo3IzEkhZ3el828iL8K9Kwg5C3aql_mEIm9ESKDg0zn6NkQWdb_nM1IteQM_VQPtKiLX6D5Qb74nUrpL67LlxVtRkmlhtKIiCxqSvzv6d6lXBEtkVvk39QOs5lBsauYGSoeOuRD_O4xk/s640/Leo+CFA+Pl.Leo+%2528delcampe%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Credit Foncier Africain building - State Department seal on left corner of the building.</td></tr>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">During the Second World War, the US stepped
up its presence in the capital to support the broader war effort.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Belgian Congo was so strategic, that in
addition to the Consulate, the Bureau of Economic Warfare (BEW, later the
Foreign Economic Administration, predecessor of USAID), the Office of War
Information (OWI, predecessor of US Information Agency) and even the Office of
Strategic Services (OSS, predecessor of the CIA) opened offices in the
city.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At the same time, at the end of
1941, Pan American Airways, under contract to the US Government, launched an
air route from New York serviced by Clipper flying boats<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. </i>The following year, the US Army dispatched a construction battalion
to upgrade Ndolo Airport for land based aircraft <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(<a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/05/leopoldville-1942-us-troops-expand.html">May 23, 2011</a>), </i>as well as the 23rd Army Station Hospital, to
ensure an alternative trans-Africa route to India and China if North Africa
fell to Axis forces. The US Army, BEW and OSS obtained properties on Ave. Gen. Olsen provided by the colonial government under terms of the Lend-Lease
agreement. Although this was an industrial area behind the rail yards of the Gare
Centrale, it was conveniently located to the airport.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The OSS managed a succession of agents
engaged in a clandestine effort to prevent Germany gaining access to Congo’s
uranium by investigating illicit diamond sales.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg72EDrBfhTNnza1rZRzgy_s0vqeD9NuYashdoDtgpQXLBWdNY2YpVObgu37M4s26lxLabc6hMrtUe7woQKEmFInAZuwXFE_20NI4oDtgy-hliaGR5p1QCC_gQvDSTxMRHmL23NkJluaLE/s1600/Leo+US+Army%252742+Tps+Present+%2528ebay%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="454" data-original-width="730" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg72EDrBfhTNnza1rZRzgy_s0vqeD9NuYashdoDtgpQXLBWdNY2YpVObgu37M4s26lxLabc6hMrtUe7woQKEmFInAZuwXFE_20NI4oDtgy-hliaGR5p1QCC_gQvDSTxMRHmL23NkJluaLE/s640/Leo+US+Army%252742+Tps+Present+%2528ebay%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">US Troops on parade in 1942</td></tr>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">The Consulate moved in May 1943 to the premises
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(71 hectare) plot to build a Consulate. Already, the State Department was
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Appropriations Committee that Leopoldville was one of eight projects, “in very
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now one of 10 priority projects around the world and the Executive Office of
Management and Budget planned for a completely furnished combined consulate and
staff living quarters.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;">The process of
building a new Consulate took a long time and appears to have been sidelined to
other priorities. In 1951 the House Appropriations Committee was still
presented with a combination office building and staff quarters in the planning
stages. By now, however, the Consulate owned a lot at Ave. Aviateurs and Wahis,
the site of the football pitch used by Ste. Anne (where the Consulate would
eventually be built), and held two other residential properties on Ave Leopold
(Tshatshi) and Blvd. Albert (30 Juin).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>But no construction had started.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHisYk34XpMSoK2rEmGhmOTAxNNXj9W9htCD1yKW2q9qCMqsqhmcgHTolrB_H7yB_q39o8CIWwom4C4s4qw9OVuJgbcAIoYF4XIMoC8gLzs0E35YZb8jWngaQP1SNdLCs9F-ymcWQfOZs/s1600/Leo+MC+Ste.Anne%252730s+%2528delcampe%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="321" data-original-width="531" height="386" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHisYk34XpMSoK2rEmGhmOTAxNNXj9W9htCD1yKW2q9qCMqsqhmcgHTolrB_H7yB_q39o8CIWwom4C4s4qw9OVuJgbcAIoYF4XIMoC8gLzs0E35YZb8jWngaQP1SNdLCs9F-ymcWQfOZs/s640/Leo+MC+Ste.Anne%252730s+%2528delcampe%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The lot at Aviateurs and Wahis in the 1930s (center right). Ste. Anne in the foreground. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc5MTLeGfmXpedilV4YnGwRfDZjQ6lZzyJbRB82L-2P8figIcjCjpcpwcgCuJSG4woebiCfMI3kzHFD-et5hQTfU3n_D_z3dGELrlVlpVsc05bfNtlmshC9JWVxuynABTll-DJOnk1J8M/s1600/Leo+MC+Ste.Anne+exercises+%2528ebay%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="973" data-original-width="1600" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc5MTLeGfmXpedilV4YnGwRfDZjQ6lZzyJbRB82L-2P8figIcjCjpcpwcgCuJSG4woebiCfMI3kzHFD-et5hQTfU3n_D_z3dGELrlVlpVsc05bfNtlmshC9JWVxuynABTll-DJOnk1J8M/s640/Leo+MC+Ste.Anne+exercises+%2528ebay%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Student gymnastics in the lot in front of Ste. Anne.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">US Consulate property in Kalina.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;">Meanwhile,
the Consulate offices remained on Avenue Olsen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The Consulate was lodged rent tree under terms of the Lend-Lease
Agreement, but neither the Belgian nor US governments were prepared to do
anything to improve the property. A missionary couple who visited in 1952
described the Consulate as, “a small office in a shabby orchre-colored
building.” In August 1953, Consul Patrick Mallon (on his second tour, now
Consul General) described the public perception of the Consulate as,<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;">"a joke, and I am frankly ashamed, humiliated, when anyone other than a native comes into the office and sees the filth and squalor, the absurdly overcrowded conditions and the general tone of the office which can be best described as 'rotten'".</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The consulate was in an industrial neighborhood on an "unbelievably rough cobblestone street", and on two sides of the compound were a soap factory and a chemical plant. Trucks carrying beer and soda bottles from the Brasserie de Leopoldville (June 12, 2015) clattered by in both directions -- with full and empties. Five of eleven consular officers (some with families) lived in three adjacent properties. In August 1956, a visitor noted a new Consulate was under design to replace the "rattletrap: that now housed the Consulate and the US Information Agency. A Consular officer described the premises in 1958 as, "an acient wooden house, a decrepit construction, standing seemingly on its last legs, while we waited for a new office building to be completed.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "georgia" , serif;"> </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEFGhbjqD4zPoSzcT4GPnf3uliDwIC17J5GDUerWTOnmJucwRlvUwhLKhofwETUDCzrIYWqEM8anpoHZ7fhF6z45CcXr9yh_fWIFH0CW6mQ8Dx1hXtQtD8S8JURE2s5whskEUPsuzgrvw/s1600/Leo+Sabena+GH+Terrace+%2528delc1a%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="632" data-original-width="998" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEFGhbjqD4zPoSzcT4GPnf3uliDwIC17J5GDUerWTOnmJucwRlvUwhLKhofwETUDCzrIYWqEM8anpoHZ7fhF6z45CcXr9yh_fWIFH0CW6mQ8Dx1hXtQtD8S8JURE2s5whskEUPsuzgrvw/s640/Leo+Sabena+GH+Terrace+%2528delc1a%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Sabena Guest House on the road to the airport. Note the cobblestone street.</td></tr>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;">The
Department’s budget for 1954 acknowledged a property on Ave de la Raquette, the
actual site of the Residence, and estimated the cost of construction of an
office building at $220,000. By 1955 the Consular Residence was complete and
the Department could concentrate on the Consulate. The new Consulate was
inaugurated by Governor General Petillon in January 1958 (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jan. 29, 2011). </i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcou12LeTcAX2Lm_9UTr0OInYBRSsMDgf6GQNl0dnf7fg8ZLfcs5aycbuZqBmwZyO7rRthYQKLAhjcmbbeMj-gfbqj5QIE1pmb1X1vyEodLbklIra9vzf8mj4vCUkmdX1VAIMMZzXVeME/s1600/Leo+US+Consulate%252759+%25281%2529-copy.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="294" data-original-width="436" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcou12LeTcAX2Lm_9UTr0OInYBRSsMDgf6GQNl0dnf7fg8ZLfcs5aycbuZqBmwZyO7rRthYQKLAhjcmbbeMj-gfbqj5QIE1pmb1X1vyEodLbklIra9vzf8mj4vCUkmdX1VAIMMZzXVeME/s640/Leo+US+Consulate%252759+%25281%2529-copy.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The new US Consulate in 1959.</td></tr>
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Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">The location of the former Consulate remained
elusive. A guidebook from 1953 listed the Chancery at Ave. Olsen and a letter
on USIS letterhead provided a street address of 25 Olsen (I could digress here
to note that Kinshasa parcels can have any of three different numbering
systems, and many gates have no numbers at all. But another time). It seemed the
Consulate would have been located at the junction of Ave Syndicat, but when
visited earlier this year, a wooden “rattletrap” was not apparent and the wall
around the compound precluded further investigation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A reader of this blog (who incidentally
arrived in Kinshasa in 1956 as I did) shared a photograph from the era.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This weekend I went down Ave. Kabasele to the
site and was pleased to confirm the location against the photograph. Whatever
the complaints about a rattletrap wooden building, the structure behind the
wall is clearly a 1940s structure. Certainly not “rattletrap” at the time of occupation
by the Consulate. It appears staff were indulging in chronic complaining about
their posting, or perhaps referring to outbuildings on the property.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr-8neyr82WCLxxaKFcIlUe7wXJnkF5BYYev5rIJxU_a1nzL3AhaYmet0VFBmgPJyajevdJZ2PCHFy49vbEb87R8psn3OyPXHIKk5zaC39G3Y7rScZVC-NHdfsrO_jjJDNK_HjbFp4trA/s1600/Leo+US+Consulate%252750s+%2528DMichaux2%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="531" data-original-width="612" height="554" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr-8neyr82WCLxxaKFcIlUe7wXJnkF5BYYev5rIJxU_a1nzL3AhaYmet0VFBmgPJyajevdJZ2PCHFy49vbEb87R8psn3OyPXHIKk5zaC39G3Y7rScZVC-NHdfsrO_jjJDNK_HjbFp4trA/s640/Leo+US+Consulate%252750s+%2528DMichaux2%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">US Consulate on Ave. Olsen 1950s (note cobblestone street)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqkvGSQYTXSKugh92WNZ9JWmwNeDX68Uucn7iJjhLmBymXaOH-M4ANp914GdJh6ODh3ApMnCRYGhE5n4KFL5TnqgSy19SDxWE6intt-rwhdo9NIWHEDnirjdwGmKTOLIfhchTj5BSrfU8/s1600/Kin+US+Consulate%252718+Ave+Kabasele+%2528SS02%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqkvGSQYTXSKugh92WNZ9JWmwNeDX68Uucn7iJjhLmBymXaOH-M4ANp914GdJh6ODh3ApMnCRYGhE5n4KFL5TnqgSy19SDxWE6intt-rwhdo9NIWHEDnirjdwGmKTOLIfhchTj5BSrfU8/s640/Kin+US+Consulate%252718+Ave+Kabasele+%2528SS02%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The US Consulate site today.</td></tr>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">On the way to the old Consulate, I passed
through Pl. Forescom with the new Congolese Armed Forces Monument in the
roundabout. A crane with a wrecking ball was taking down the remains of the CFA
building. When I returned later that afternoon, it was gone. Congolese
authorities, and certainly commercial interests, have no motivation in
preserving the first US Consulate in Kinshasa, but the building had
architectural merit in its own right. The rond point is changing. Bralima and
the owners of the Forescom building seem committed to permanently draping the
building in beer billboards. Across the way, another modern wedge-shaped
structure sits where Chez Patrick Restaurant used to be. How the new developer’s
plans fit into the circle remain to be seen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP7LiWjaMf6JkJKMBDnhjAddX8Xyoc7GR9V2JDUu7tqLCvdaZjCb-IvR-ValyiumYpSh4laW5T0iXZdwe7NhUArK_LU8NKG4LazWBHR9c1IrcK49xGpC428pxU5ZXpdpq0WZxQhlPOTj8/s1600/Kin+CFA+LeCoq02+%2528SS%2529-copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP7LiWjaMf6JkJKMBDnhjAddX8Xyoc7GR9V2JDUu7tqLCvdaZjCb-IvR-ValyiumYpSh4laW5T0iXZdwe7NhUArK_LU8NKG4LazWBHR9c1IrcK49xGpC428pxU5ZXpdpq0WZxQhlPOTj8/s640/Kin+CFA+LeCoq02+%2528SS%2529-copy.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The CFA building in 2002</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEn3F2eU_Rz6lWsFLo_sxL8FjcuiqNm-ph2Tab7OJUZ86gjVrOCqfMzIkPf1NVqGjFbRcNYbCD2YMhLMJelRSvlhsqN1WJEg1Kh7JYNMYAr4lP2aS8FPpPfpf-qJq95jD8LCWrVjfXS9I/s1600/Kin+Mont+FARDC%252718+%2528SS01%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEn3F2eU_Rz6lWsFLo_sxL8FjcuiqNm-ph2Tab7OJUZ86gjVrOCqfMzIkPf1NVqGjFbRcNYbCD2YMhLMJelRSvlhsqN1WJEg1Kh7JYNMYAr4lP2aS8FPpPfpf-qJq95jD8LCWrVjfXS9I/s640/Kin+Mont+FARDC%252718+%2528SS01%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The wrecking ball at work. New building facing the corner of Ave du Port.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZfKmr0AmESRF_4pIk5yHCX4gigb2e8MruI-Nk1TUFHovDifqCTxgwbC6y6PXpvjkaPFMqRwAy5tnZvN4IG08vWmhawST5m6y5-iSIjJDVL98Z5FF_E8u79UU8oRThexhIdcVuLCjA9X0/s1600/Kin+Mont+FARDC%252717+%2528SS06%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZfKmr0AmESRF_4pIk5yHCX4gigb2e8MruI-Nk1TUFHovDifqCTxgwbC6y6PXpvjkaPFMqRwAy5tnZvN4IG08vWmhawST5m6y5-iSIjJDVL98Z5FF_E8u79UU8oRThexhIdcVuLCjA9X0/s640/Kin+Mont+FARDC%252717+%2528SS06%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Armed Forces monument. CFA building behind billboard on right.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2pl0Y0pUpYXP9UHraljnl8vpdUmNUlu9k_l7svoHcmReqJbMyIGeELcIsMiJ_cDtFvw16Pg6FUoVGYMEcGXOupzRHk0bHJyzCEXrtFiHKZLsM0gJWuUHp8XHytxYdAUOnX73pTs8yo64/s1600/Kin+Forescom%252718+%2528SS01%2529-copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1600" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2pl0Y0pUpYXP9UHraljnl8vpdUmNUlu9k_l7svoHcmReqJbMyIGeELcIsMiJ_cDtFvw16Pg6FUoVGYMEcGXOupzRHk0bHJyzCEXrtFiHKZLsM0gJWuUHp8XHytxYdAUOnX73pTs8yo64/s640/Kin+Forescom%252718+%2528SS01%2529-copy.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Forescom building 2018.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">References</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">:</span></div>
<br />
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</div>
<ul>
<li>Lawrence, 1972, American Foreign Service
Journal.</li>
<li>Liturgical Arts, 1956</li>
<li>U.S. Congress, House, 1943. Appropriations
Committee.</li>
<li>U.S. Congress, Senate, 1955. Appropriations
Committee.</li>
<li>U.S. Congress, Senate, 1956. Appropriations
Committee.</li>
<li>Williams, Susan, 2016. <u style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Spies in the Congo</u><i style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt;">.</i></li>
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Mwana Mbokahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01575491982841275224noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3042101873369162734.post-9171471312720630432018-07-01T15:12:00.003+01:002018-07-01T15:29:07.835+01:00Leopoldville 1944 – Cape Dutch Houses<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">This
photo by J. Costa for Congopresse in 1944 shows a Cape Dutch-style villa facing Ave. Tombeur de Tabora (later Tombalbaye, now Tabu Ley). It was built as a set of four for Otraco’s European managers in the block bounded by Aves.
Comfina, Kasai and Strauch in the transport company’s extensive concession
southwest of the Gare Centrale. Similar structures in a different style were built between the four. To my knowledge, they are the unique structures
in Kinshasa of this architectural style (which is more prevalent in Bukavu and
Lubumbashi), except perhaps the Compagnie Coloniale du Congo’s PEK building on Ave.
Beernaert (Equateur) </span><i><span style="font-size: small;">(<a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/11/leopoldville-1919-founding-of.html">Nov. 11, 2011</a>).</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ave. Tombeur at the corner of Ave. Belgika (Ave. Lokele). </td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR8yyxiW84lpw0h3XiUAL74Nz3KbVYOfQ_3izXv6LsJ92pSHbrgPVM18i2ceZA1vglqYpozubVZ846WGyAGP13gtCkELqIhh6cp5H7nmH5kGtfezkVyt8TZgsjvgv3abToMA6jZT9wVfc/s1600/Kin+HBA%252704+%2528SS%2529-copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1027" data-original-width="1600" height="410" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR8yyxiW84lpw0h3XiUAL74Nz3KbVYOfQ_3izXv6LsJ92pSHbrgPVM18i2ceZA1vglqYpozubVZ846WGyAGP13gtCkELqIhh6cp5H7nmH5kGtfezkVyt8TZgsjvgv3abToMA6jZT9wVfc/s640/Kin+HBA%252704+%2528SS%2529-copy.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The PEK building in 2004 housed the offices of Hewa Borwa Airlines. </td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Another
contemporary photograph shows the neat white structures facing the street with
a mature Malebo palm in front of one. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 2006, I offered a
copy this photo to the owner of one of the houses in exchange for photographing
it, and it took a bit of charm and persuasion before she acceded to such a bizarre
request.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Cape Dutch structures anchored the 4 corners of the block. A different model was built in between.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A view of the house from the gate.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Front entrance detail.</td></tr>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Three
years later, the Wikinshasa team (see Sources, below) captured the house from the upper floors of
one of the Onatra apartments across the street, showing some repairs under way
and the trunk of a large Baobab tree lying on the ground.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The researchers estimated the buildings were
constructed in 1925-26, which would be consistent with other construction in
the area at that time as the city’s commercial district moved south from the
railway line (now Blvd. 30 Juin </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(<a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/01/kinshasa-2010-boulevard-30-juin-comes.html">Jan. 23, 2011</a>)</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghQC3KqLK8leScSny1ApME01Q9ZQldHOGIvE97zrzFpU7ukVvIE8YfHFuRNdg4NyDBLQGm41uBq-0NTxY_9otpl9rlPheLuCjXnA_g5Na5x7hjixbp8A-GviX1Y0c2utcs9wnYmHe9bGo/s1600/Kin+Hsg+Cape+Dutch%252709+%2528wikinshasa%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghQC3KqLK8leScSny1ApME01Q9ZQldHOGIvE97zrzFpU7ukVvIE8YfHFuRNdg4NyDBLQGm41uBq-0NTxY_9otpl9rlPheLuCjXnA_g5Na5x7hjixbp8A-GviX1Y0c2utcs9wnYmHe9bGo/s640/Kin+Hsg+Cape+Dutch%252709+%2528wikinshasa%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The house in 2009 at the corner of Ave. Tombalbaye and Kasai.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6k3xzagMvmX_LfDi6-9Ni5x_syVoT55pYuWgyOC4YGBjkI7YjY3k4TMu1T4KwD3_igTNigIZXa-lduE5dwLSg6xIJH2pe6R_eSam1kfpVqJ2CDZ7_1DKbBOk0Gcn09Hj-T2sFjV_jJsQ/s1600/Kin+Hsg+Cape+Dutch%252709+%2528wikinsh-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="536" data-original-width="800" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6k3xzagMvmX_LfDi6-9Ni5x_syVoT55pYuWgyOC4YGBjkI7YjY3k4TMu1T4KwD3_igTNigIZXa-lduE5dwLSg6xIJH2pe6R_eSam1kfpVqJ2CDZ7_1DKbBOk0Gcn09Hj-T2sFjV_jJsQ/s640/Kin+Hsg+Cape+Dutch%252709+%2528wikinsh-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The house from the side.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Recently,
the Roi du Cossa restaurant opened in the house on the corner of Ave. Lokele.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Portuguese restaurant, a long-time
purveyor of the best fresh-water shrimp (Cossa) in Kinshasa, had to move from
its location on Ave. Mpolo to make way for another high rise.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The old restaurants was in a non-descript colonial
building with a now-enclosed wraparound porch.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The new place fairly screams, “come in and get your Cossas!”. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The owners knocked out several interior walls
to create a large dining area, but kept the original facade intact.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkdUipeDCn7Mgx3dwoopoaBZwzEUmaGNR1j9ayucisdbcOO3-85saYmSCYEmDDBkxvUnkDdDon4OjgoVl2qx63t0m27QX7E46Ji0KJ4jLr4wylJaGqtMs2zg8pG8M83f5D7tQ9T4gOMXc/s1600/Kin+Roi+Cossa%252718+%2528SS01a%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkdUipeDCn7Mgx3dwoopoaBZwzEUmaGNR1j9ayucisdbcOO3-85saYmSCYEmDDBkxvUnkDdDon4OjgoVl2qx63t0m27QX7E46Ji0KJ4jLr4wylJaGqtMs2zg8pG8M83f5D7tQ9T4gOMXc/s640/Kin+Roi+Cossa%252718+%2528SS01a%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Who can resist?</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhE6Sr5EhDgnEVUurYFX1JuN8DI_XHb23OchyzkacPnrL0JQNeNLYQ1FsFBl7w_gEswSAGyGXcdgH5EGEZ_hyphenhyphen8xHBRHxz6dVM2BS8En2bqu-IlAdI1xc9fzCWNvTISP6GzH5buamye60c/s1600/Kin+Roi+du+Cossa+%2528SS%2529-copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhE6Sr5EhDgnEVUurYFX1JuN8DI_XHb23OchyzkacPnrL0JQNeNLYQ1FsFBl7w_gEswSAGyGXcdgH5EGEZ_hyphenhyphen8xHBRHxz6dVM2BS8En2bqu-IlAdI1xc9fzCWNvTISP6GzH5buamye60c/s640/Kin+Roi+du+Cossa+%2528SS%2529-copy.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The former restaurant on Ave. Mpolo.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ave.
Tabu Ley is under reconstruction.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Once
it is completed, the street may provide the buildings some of the cachet of the
original photo.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilClDmz922gR__iI6g7MxlLAr2cSngY0HL8GdJaHTH8CHXu4nMLT8_ddr_UNilx8Y2jpxEM0KqnOTfdMvIdaO0dFFoFlvV0PQJQjIW_JWP9lYMa5zKURANupIpTTW9mLM3MN1i6rSApkc/s1600/Kin+Ave+Tombalbaye%252718+%2528SS02%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilClDmz922gR__iI6g7MxlLAr2cSngY0HL8GdJaHTH8CHXu4nMLT8_ddr_UNilx8Y2jpxEM0KqnOTfdMvIdaO0dFFoFlvV0PQJQjIW_JWP9lYMa5zKURANupIpTTW9mLM3MN1i6rSApkc/s640/Kin+Ave+Tombalbaye%252718+%2528SS02%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Looking east on Ave. Tabu Ley at Ave. Kasai.</td></tr>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Sources</span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">:</span></div>
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Wikinshasa.org. This website is one of the
premier sources historic images of Kinshasa and their description. Commissioned by the French Embassy, the
inventory was carried out between 2009-2010 under the direction of the French
Ministry of Culture and Communication in collaboration with the Bureau d’Etude,
d’Amenagement et d’Urbanisme (BEAU) and the Monuments and Sites section of the Institute
of National Museums of Congo in Kinshasa. Link to the houses:</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <a href="http://www.wikinshasa.org/index.php/Lotissement_de_maisons_dites_hollandaises">http://www.wikinshasa.org/index.php/Lotissement_de_maisons_dites_hollandaises</a></span></li>
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</style>Mwana Mbokahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01575491982841275224noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3042101873369162734.post-81391114829683595252018-04-08T12:06:00.001+01:002018-04-08T13:21:46.516+01:00Leopoldville 1922 - Office du Travail Created<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Kinshasa’s
city hall, the Hotel de Ville, is getting a new annex.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The four-story building on Ave. Ebeya,
launched in November 2014 with a 9-month construction time frame, includes interior
parking for 30 vehicles, offices for the Governor and Vice-Governor and
conference facilities on the top floor. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An
air bridge will connect the new structure with the original building.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Critics charged that the municipal
authorities were planning to sell the existing structure to a third party.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Robert Luzolanu, Provincial Minister of Plan,
Budget and Infrastructure denied these allegations, arguing the emblematic
building “embodies the identity of Kinshasa”.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXc0XEjwx-ZYVzBOusrmy03Eo2YkrGcy8gU0Sq4P4pwUDw-iYx-g3oSfTLBkUdk50KRjMcnaXs87EMzX7ciUqr_QVYS7eITrVEmTg-5RLpGzj0PI4RZXNkysSK5nwrG8WwLxHPlNpNhHc/s1600/Kin+Hotel+deVille%252718+%2528SS03b%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1097" data-original-width="1600" height="438" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXc0XEjwx-ZYVzBOusrmy03Eo2YkrGcy8gU0Sq4P4pwUDw-iYx-g3oSfTLBkUdk50KRjMcnaXs87EMzX7ciUqr_QVYS7eITrVEmTg-5RLpGzj0PI4RZXNkysSK5nwrG8WwLxHPlNpNhHc/s640/Kin+Hotel+deVille%252718+%2528SS03b%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Hotel de Ville with the new annex at left</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The
Hotel de Ville was originally built for the Office du Travail de Leopoldville
(Offitra), a labor bureau established in November 1922 to recruit workers for
large public works projects around Leopoldville (Moyen-Congo) and the
reconstruction of the railway between Matadi and Leopoldville (Bas-Congo). The three-story
building towered over the rest of the cité as it existed at the time. The
number of laborers recruited and housed at Offitra’s camp at Ndolo grew from
934 in 1923 to 5,108 in 1925. Pneumonia,
meningitis and venereal disease were chronic health threats and Offitra organized
vaccination campaigns to immunize its workers against these diseases. It was at this time, as well, that the Red
Cross established its clinic in the cité to treat venereal disease in the
growing municipality</span> <i>(</i></span><i style="font-family: georgia, serif;"><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2014/03/1924-leopoldville-red-cross-returns.html">See Mar. 1, 2014</a></i><i style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">).</i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimisXj68SPsKzyPgkyRQ20otOPU2HFaWldwuRY0hxhtyiN3sAjCKhQcmHHDTek_H3zQGWoA07nhpGjkcV4TwJWc-t7L794zEUSnQDEP7vTRB4d5hmkmXDy_cnjh921JCfzNSP7w44yLp0/s1600/Leo+CD+Bureau+New+Travail%252721+Ebay1a%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="845" data-original-width="1309" height="412" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimisXj68SPsKzyPgkyRQ20otOPU2HFaWldwuRY0hxhtyiN3sAjCKhQcmHHDTek_H3zQGWoA07nhpGjkcV4TwJWc-t7L794zEUSnQDEP7vTRB4d5hmkmXDy_cnjh921JCfzNSP7w44yLp0/s640/Leo+CD+Bureau+New+Travail%252721+Ebay1a%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Office du Travail shortly after construction.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6FzHNJFzwWUSboMAJFxujj7J8PsIkKQFqbxNhvTPXdqxjGB9_eXfGWrIIb2uDSKWNsiHhSuFy62OJuVcHnc3yq5SiRxChXAsfXFIUez0W_QuYROUwWnduh2QRuP4iymyIy7_9fE8J1bo/s1600/Leo+Ave+Cambier+%2528delcampe1%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="1000" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6FzHNJFzwWUSboMAJFxujj7J8PsIkKQFqbxNhvTPXdqxjGB9_eXfGWrIIb2uDSKWNsiHhSuFy62OJuVcHnc3yq5SiRxChXAsfXFIUez0W_QuYROUwWnduh2QRuP4iymyIy7_9fE8J1bo/s640/Leo+Ave+Cambier+%2528delcampe1%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Offitra shortly after construction - looking east down Ave. Cambier (now Ave. Ebeya)</td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix_7SQ1YwhPhCD7z17LMfFQSy-xFqC7txWO2DpC8vI5KSbqRNz_h4TcWguNY752u7cCYPrW2qpExNRiu4DlzSKT61X58dfiEPtKg7A8PsOO-hKKoax8gk3r1lEbq7SO2FRScrDJG_SZhw/s1600/Leo+CD+Buro+New+Travail+%2528delcampe1a%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="517" data-original-width="812" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix_7SQ1YwhPhCD7z17LMfFQSy-xFqC7txWO2DpC8vI5KSbqRNz_h4TcWguNY752u7cCYPrW2qpExNRiu4DlzSKT61X58dfiEPtKg7A8PsOO-hKKoax8gk3r1lEbq7SO2FRScrDJG_SZhw/s640/Leo+CD+Buro+New+Travail+%2528delcampe1a%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The same view with image reversed.</td></tr>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">In
1934, following the centralization reforms of 1933, the new District Urbain, as
the municipal government was termed, moved into the building. Local government functions established here
managed the entire urban district. A
Comité Urbain named by the Governor General, drawn from the elite ranks of the
business community, decided urban development priorities under a Commissaire de
District Urbain, a senior member of the Territorial Administration.</span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZaEcb9mlHgw8g5Ja7cGs1ysLkcYFjxvRERZ5NRRyanDk3z9J5RwJ7reGRiuIGFoLc_Bv84r0Gc5QPELto_Sdrj25GdXMsGyc2cMEaT5G3Q-nkXtO-aVdHZDeUsI8lu7uOlPC-0ZsuUkc/s1600/Leo+CD+Buro+New+%2528delampe1a%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="573" data-original-width="937" height="390" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZaEcb9mlHgw8g5Ja7cGs1ysLkcYFjxvRERZ5NRRyanDk3z9J5RwJ7reGRiuIGFoLc_Bv84r0Gc5QPELto_Sdrj25GdXMsGyc2cMEaT5G3Q-nkXtO-aVdHZDeUsI8lu7uOlPC-0ZsuUkc/s640/Leo+CD+Buro+New+%2528delampe1a%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The District Urbain with the Leopoldville coat of arms hanging from the second floor.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></div>
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<o:p></o:p><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUGMqK4S-SOBrWIatW1-aTSWnCkOf0XPP0ewxhft8WnsMQfu4z6Eaosoj76ykWt-D65OjX7hV8ttdT9bJfz4cGjuavHBhCuTESbxCsrHYYUaf3cBm5SKPiX0Pn_Tm9M2SCt_Tl9yyz35c/s1600/Leo+CD+Buro+New+Ville+%2528delcampe2a%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="571" data-original-width="919" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUGMqK4S-SOBrWIatW1-aTSWnCkOf0XPP0ewxhft8WnsMQfu4z6Eaosoj76ykWt-D65OjX7hV8ttdT9bJfz4cGjuavHBhCuTESbxCsrHYYUaf3cBm5SKPiX0Pn_Tm9M2SCt_Tl9yyz35c/s640/Leo+CD+Buro+New+Ville+%2528delcampe2a%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The District Urbain - late 1930s</td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghlcJw1tnLcYMgdxNiAuJN8TA4dGnZRqkHbq8JkDppzVH8WQOqCkSONXJjLMIuQ8_Qk3YxwxHhDPnP26QKLPIdaT-v2lGTYGosW7FiD2R7rLxmLgwba_2jf2AU3MlRbG9XDij9-PxF4i8/s1600/Leo+Hotel+Ville%252740s+Ave+Cambier+%2528delc11%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="628" data-original-width="1007" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghlcJw1tnLcYMgdxNiAuJN8TA4dGnZRqkHbq8JkDppzVH8WQOqCkSONXJjLMIuQ8_Qk3YxwxHhDPnP26QKLPIdaT-v2lGTYGosW7FiD2R7rLxmLgwba_2jf2AU3MlRbG9XDij9-PxF4i8/s640/Leo+Hotel+Ville%252740s+Ave+Cambier+%2528delc11%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Looking east on Ave. Cambier - note exterior stairs prior to construction of an extension in the 1950s.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">In
the years approaching Independence, the District building became known as the
Service de la Population Blanche, attending to the European population residing
in Ngaliema, Gombe and Limete Communes, while the African jurisdictions of the
city were managed by the Service de la Population Noire built in 1951 near what
is now the Stade des Martyrs. After the Communal Elections in 1957, a Belgian
Premier Bourgmestre presided over a Conseil de Ville at the Hotel de Ville which
included Congolese Bourgmestres from the newly-created Communes.</span></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNZYJSmXSmUPT0KwuWcWHEq0CKdxeG_87W3F9payaIGB5rRJq0lZZbwnV1MFxh_SiRFhKJkr9jv5uWxIe-UOC_NxrG-8RMGdfL1uzZe-B5SSk0lZvCLfEjXrZTnF5BFqzol6XAKnjPJTI/s1600/Leo+Hotel+Ville%252752+Brochure+%2528delc1a%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="637" data-original-width="647" height="630" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNZYJSmXSmUPT0KwuWcWHEq0CKdxeG_87W3F9payaIGB5rRJq0lZZbwnV1MFxh_SiRFhKJkr9jv5uWxIe-UOC_NxrG-8RMGdfL1uzZe-B5SSk0lZvCLfEjXrZTnF5BFqzol6XAKnjPJTI/s640/Leo+Hotel+Ville%252752+Brochure+%2528delc1a%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Hotel de Ville with extension at right.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg20nGelp81reikdtVwjGnp5S_G6cvJxvz-REyLRpanWEqtOBAihoRV0yjnEFiWz5sS4FmnuThTPzBe_ZF1EaFJ6J1kGneLtHn30pg56Vl9SLpqfcNir6eRC0PchQmEbXli1NsCEUk_fio/s1600/Kin+Pop+Noire+Min+Jeunesse+%2526+Sports%252710+%2528wikinshasa%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg20nGelp81reikdtVwjGnp5S_G6cvJxvz-REyLRpanWEqtOBAihoRV0yjnEFiWz5sS4FmnuThTPzBe_ZF1EaFJ6J1kGneLtHn30pg56Vl9SLpqfcNir6eRC0PchQmEbXli1NsCEUk_fio/s640/Kin+Pop+Noire+Min+Jeunesse+%2526+Sports%252710+%2528wikinshasa%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The former Population Noire is now the Ministry of Sports</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">After
Independence in 1960, the Hotel de Ville managed the entire municipality that
came to cover 24 Communes by 1968. Administratively, Kinshasa became both a
municipality (Ville) and a province within the national provincial structure
established by Mobutu after his take-over coup in 1965.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggoyMNoVui42mG96oLw9bL7h6zqLz0DJAhDImE-Zx9CXV15u0uitxqV2xOhibZcmWqoGimQHrFW18CANs0Qzv4zd_sWb1hE8r0-K3JqjXEXyqyy8ga4OubqUUaal3LhWS1IxV7w2sepDc/s1600/Kin+Hotel+deVille%252770s+%2528kolonga1a%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="672" data-original-width="427" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggoyMNoVui42mG96oLw9bL7h6zqLz0DJAhDImE-Zx9CXV15u0uitxqV2xOhibZcmWqoGimQHrFW18CANs0Qzv4zd_sWb1hE8r0-K3JqjXEXyqyy8ga4OubqUUaal3LhWS1IxV7w2sepDc/s640/Kin+Hotel+deVille%252770s+%2528kolonga1a%2529.jpg" width="406" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Hotel de Ville in the 1970s</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaF86qvSuZvQAqkFNDpfYHjvoLejq_cjCRS6ktQnI91W4EbhXpMFoqQS4rgkE9ipIqFylaMcHNay5xWWbx8SQ1yTVwXoeKnJqtneNb_eqXn5pgXfQlZ7Fozg2z0q3S5LuvTZNQgvNmW5M/s1600/Kin+Hotel+deVille%252706+%2528SS03%2529-copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaF86qvSuZvQAqkFNDpfYHjvoLejq_cjCRS6ktQnI91W4EbhXpMFoqQS4rgkE9ipIqFylaMcHNay5xWWbx8SQ1yTVwXoeKnJqtneNb_eqXn5pgXfQlZ7Fozg2z0q3S5LuvTZNQgvNmW5M/s640/Kin+Hotel+deVille%252706+%2528SS03%2529-copy.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Hotel de Ville in 2006</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMx2FBGIDNBuGqRFpg7WqcO7oL61Sz5Skqu3OGjw7Ap3hOo8xx56AMXSWNZgkAB8kKvn1vePAJSDNqfGHHVgyvlvtyE0hzA4Bax0GdIova6yopUAEwnMdq59iYUoVyYkVIn3tKoYekx_0/s1600/Kin+Hotel+deVille+annex%252706+%2528SS%2529-copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMx2FBGIDNBuGqRFpg7WqcO7oL61Sz5Skqu3OGjw7Ap3hOo8xx56AMXSWNZgkAB8kKvn1vePAJSDNqfGHHVgyvlvtyE0hzA4Bax0GdIova6yopUAEwnMdq59iYUoVyYkVIn3tKoYekx_0/s640/Kin+Hotel+deVille+annex%252706+%2528SS%2529-copy.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">An earlier annex behind the Hotel de Ville - this structure is visible in the Office du Travail photo at top.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">On
February 26, 2011, Kinshasa Governor Kimbuta inaugurated a three-story
Provincial Office building a few blocks west of the Hotel de Ville on Ave.
Ebeya. At the time, Minister Luzolanu
asserted that this new facility addressed all existing space constraints at the
Hotel de Ville. However, three years
later, the city decided to build the Annex and requested a waiver from national
competition to award construction to a company called COVEC (China Overseas
Engineering Group) in order to address urgent space constraints faced by the
municipality. Critics questioned why a comparable building for the Hotel de
Province cost $4 million while cost for the Annex was announced at $6 million.
As of this writing, the construction fences are still up around the new building.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0SYq1TYMNhbcIP1r5tPgZNA1vNMb1p8ejIMW45PNyW5Y4M-zhyphenhyphenrqiAt1FcNBxcYWOliAEEEWlI4Q4QaowCkZJ9XP8WMmCAwA3chJCWY9Fo5f98OeNeGzcPwUKypz2eypdKmU-dowI_BM/s1600/Kin+Hotel+deVille%252718+Ext+%2528SS01a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0SYq1TYMNhbcIP1r5tPgZNA1vNMb1p8ejIMW45PNyW5Y4M-zhyphenhyphenrqiAt1FcNBxcYWOliAEEEWlI4Q4QaowCkZJ9XP8WMmCAwA3chJCWY9Fo5f98OeNeGzcPwUKypz2eypdKmU-dowI_BM/s640/Kin+Hotel+deVille%252718+Ext+%2528SS01a.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The new annex viewed from the Place du Marche</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin_UI24qxaC3WzycFq4f5lG_9_rNdNR6x8635Tf3jXFE9xy8thTYyNZNEBPqN10rTNvfGVEPZsVoD3NE76jFjEPLrFZcwuRruFbeXDVPXUNgk0h5TUrFAUM5p0TuZWiXWMi9G42X02ZoQ/s1600/Kin+Hotel+deVille%252717+An++%2528skys.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="619" data-original-width="960" height="412" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin_UI24qxaC3WzycFq4f5lG_9_rNdNR6x8635Tf3jXFE9xy8thTYyNZNEBPqN10rTNvfGVEPZsVoD3NE76jFjEPLrFZcwuRruFbeXDVPXUNgk0h5TUrFAUM5p0TuZWiXWMi9G42X02ZoQ/s640/Kin+Hotel+deVille%252717+An++%2528skys.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Annex under construction</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Sources</span></b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-ansi-language: FR;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Agence d’Information d’Afrique Centrale, Nov. 18, 2014. </span><a href="http://www.adiac-congo.com/content/kinshasa-lancement-des-travaux-dextension-du-batiment-de-lhotel-de-ville-23557"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">http://www.adiac-congo.com/content/kinshasa-lancement-des-travaux-dextension-du-batiment-de-lhotel-de-ville-23557</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Kongo Times, July
23, 2014. </span><a href="http://afrique.kongotimes.info/rdc/echos-kinshasa/7851-gouvernorat-kinshasa-alerte-voleur.html"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">http://afrique.kongotimes.info/rdc/echos-kinshasa/7851-gouvernorat-kinshasa-alerte-voleur.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />Mwana Mbokahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01575491982841275224noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3042101873369162734.post-74794756311835430042018-03-25T12:09:00.001+01:002018-07-10T15:48:40.152+01:00Leopoldville 1952 – Message in a Pepsi Bottle<br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: large;">While
walking around the American School (TASOK) campus on Mont Ngaliema a few months
ago, I turned up a glass bottle embedded in the soil.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was a Pepsi-Cola bottle, but Pepsi-Cola is
no longer produced in Kinshasa. It definitely ended up there after purchase at
the student store, but when and how it found its way into the woods, intact, rather
than as part of the trash piles tossed into the forest at different times, was
intriguing. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">A
couple years ago, I researched a piece on the breweries in Kinshasa (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2015/06/leopoldville-1923-brasserie-de.html">June 12, 2015</a></i><span style="font-size: large;">) and this find seemed to
suggest the soft drink scene could use a look. Who knows what threads this inquiry
might weave into a story?</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGMdw0i_1x7n720hJr_aHpmTjc0OUsBfjY1EvdCkIQ13TlVFkxwrofWjzQn8nyXPfmuVGVKeCCA8cMVkTPvCyaOKzTunMG-PrFRopyIZzFFuOyLu8xBP7rUpjbz8D6ZILaW59JJV9MIAc/s1600/Kin+Pepsi+Bottle+%25281c%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGMdw0i_1x7n720hJr_aHpmTjc0OUsBfjY1EvdCkIQ13TlVFkxwrofWjzQn8nyXPfmuVGVKeCCA8cMVkTPvCyaOKzTunMG-PrFRopyIZzFFuOyLu8xBP7rUpjbz8D6ZILaW59JJV9MIAc/s640/Kin+Pepsi+Bottle+%25281c%2529.jpg" width="480" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: large;">As
early as 1913, a French company, Georges Fabre et Cie, produced soda water, ice
and flavored syrups in Kinshasa. It also operated a cinema distribution
network. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQSUO0vhXNpBXGo5cBssOvNjx_5PeAI9IznrWKwER6KZuQz5_IbrSK5gwmG_9ge0pZuEKfJwHnkPvXM2D1ba2K146XhmrjzAvjremKlUk-O_rSIOeOC3kMclNNiLrFMY5Fa0DkxxxmiCg/s1600/Leo+Fabre%252724+%2528delc1%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" data-original-height="639" data-original-width="790" height="516" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQSUO0vhXNpBXGo5cBssOvNjx_5PeAI9IznrWKwER6KZuQz5_IbrSK5gwmG_9ge0pZuEKfJwHnkPvXM2D1ba2K146XhmrjzAvjremKlUk-O_rSIOeOC3kMclNNiLrFMY5Fa0DkxxxmiCg/s640/Leo+Fabre%252724+%2528delc1%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Prior
to World War II, the Brasserie de Leopoldville produced bottled water and soft
drinks for the local market. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">In 1933,
when Regideso was just beginning to provide piped, treated water to the
municipality, a Brasserie advertisement urged people to drink the brewery’s
bottled water, sodas and limonades to protect against epidemics.</span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNxdmuRs-bpO0yUVzW21fPcdLU9C0q8Toi1MxWYJiJoVAl2LNziPDGxke00pofdODQkjfONeIpbqerTNSX0dJ1tEm1lpuVsRmjXgf0YggXzI0DfCr8ctZwRUtUQTDa-Icabv3ASGwzQW4/s1600/Leo+BrasLeo%252733+%2528EveilAEF.2-11-33-1b%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="308" data-original-width="426" height="462" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNxdmuRs-bpO0yUVzW21fPcdLU9C0q8Toi1MxWYJiJoVAl2LNziPDGxke00pofdODQkjfONeIpbqerTNSX0dJ1tEm1lpuVsRmjXgf0YggXzI0DfCr8ctZwRUtUQTDa-Icabv3ASGwzQW4/s640/Leo+BrasLeo%252733+%2528EveilAEF.2-11-33-1b%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Advertisement in the Etoile de l'AEF, Feb. 2, 1933</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBQFpWYKA825ZLR_W3Hz4Yv3njQSRu3HHzhzN1Rc67xdkX2L5avUCoRTNVCyzmA2kDR8esjUYrVvIaBOdCytzOZybXe88MdqVp8mUSo6siXeODnVN89ROp2Y4DQqsdofsUG2AMwgs8DWI/s1600/Leo+Braleo+Labels02+%2528ebay1a%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="654" height="244" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBQFpWYKA825ZLR_W3Hz4Yv3njQSRu3HHzhzN1Rc67xdkX2L5avUCoRTNVCyzmA2kDR8esjUYrVvIaBOdCytzOZybXe88MdqVp8mUSo6siXeODnVN89ROp2Y4DQqsdofsUG2AMwgs8DWI/s640/Leo+Braleo+Labels02+%2528ebay1a%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bottle labels from a selection of soft drinks</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">In
1947, a bottle factory, “Bouteillerie de Leopoldville” was established by the
Brasserie de Leopoldville with support from Heineken. The factory opened on
Ave. du Camp Militaire (Ave Sgt. Moke) in November 1949. The new company contracted with A.W. Schmid
of Pittsburgh, Pa. to oversee the installation and launching of the
glass-making operation.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOZPLUC7wKAjX7G2CIrxKs_p7VlJ0IBxyGY_eLrOBfCq7qyr0qboiiW-hti-ONlmLdaee5eV_du2jaZwWbX0s4AA4qxOmMMxJEWSjRpgPy3Lvhn-HtCUrgrExOJpXysjfyHiFDfBN6OJM/s1600/Kin+Boukin%252718+%2528SS01a%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOZPLUC7wKAjX7G2CIrxKs_p7VlJ0IBxyGY_eLrOBfCq7qyr0qboiiW-hti-ONlmLdaee5eV_du2jaZwWbX0s4AA4qxOmMMxJEWSjRpgPy3Lvhn-HtCUrgrExOJpXysjfyHiFDfBN6OJM/s640/Kin+Boukin%252718+%2528SS01a%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A view of the Boukin plant.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">In
the 1950s, two American firms looked at the Congo market and decided to invest
bigtime.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One was the US giant, Coca-Cola,
which franchised its brand and secret recipe to the Ste. Congolaise des
Boissons in 1950. The primary investor was the Sucrière du Bas Congo, the sugar
plantation established at Moerbeke-Kwilu. Other investors included companies which
were also part of the ultimate colonial holding company, the Société Générale de
Belgique (SGB), including Profrigo, Cie. du Kasai and Belgo-Katanga, as well as
an American firm called Industrial Sales Corp, the arm of the Compagnie du
Congo pour le Commerce et l’Industrie in the US, another SGB holding. Maurice
Michaux, who operated a major grocery and food importing company in
Leopoldville also subscribed to several shares. The plant opened in 1956 at 28
Ave. Olsen (Kabasele Tshamala), the road to Ndolo Airport, not far from where
the US Consulate was located at the time</span> (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/01/leopoldville-1958-new-american.html">See Jan. 29, 2011</a></i>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbpVpevTkUphW8bNzplsluYbFLHsIfIoRWECnWoEtdZSOT7zC7wDbOj2mGLO4ANfSpqFkkdrb_Z-99tBUbAAxNvwHZ6uTGfkUDs9ZLs8sGz0Xu_J1BtDNuts2RE4HdF7_RRBQlOG1BE5I/s1600/Leo+PEL%252760+Primus+%2528getty1b%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="865" data-original-width="601" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbpVpevTkUphW8bNzplsluYbFLHsIfIoRWECnWoEtdZSOT7zC7wDbOj2mGLO4ANfSpqFkkdrb_Z-99tBUbAAxNvwHZ6uTGfkUDs9ZLs8sGz0Xu_J1BtDNuts2RE4HdF7_RRBQlOG1BE5I/s640/Leo+PEL%252760+Primus+%2528getty1b%2529.jpg" width="444" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Patrice Lumumba leaving a rally at a bar in Leopoldville in 1960 (possibly the OK Bar on Ave Itaga)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Rival
US bottler, Pepsi Cola, conducted a prospecting survey in Congo in 1948 but
opted initially to focus on East Africa.
It came to Congo in 1952 under the auspices of Maurice Alhadeff, a
naturalized American citizen originally from Rhodes who moved to Leopoldville
from Elisabethville (Lubumbashi) in 1949 where he ran a string of
businesses. In Leopoldville, he
developed a number business interests, including ready-to-wear clothing
affordable to the Congolese consumer (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/08/leopoldville-1915-ministry-of-colonies.html">Aug. 5, 2011</a></i>). Pepsi built its bottling plant on Ave. Charles De Gaulle (Ave du
Commerce), in the main commercial district. Pepsi-Cola International launched a
$75 million ad campaign in Africa at this time in which even local drums in Belgian
Congo were tagged with the Pepsi logo.
In 1957, Pepsi’s CEO, Alfred Steele visited Africa, stopping in
Leopoldville on the way to Johannesburg with his wife, the actress Joan
Crawford. Alhadeff facilitated their visit and presented the couple with a wood
carving from his extensive collection. The
following year, Alhadeff provided Pepsis for the kids at the Fourth of July
party organized by American Men’s Club.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsfKfrRTOOS9cZK9p8gOyuoZcpCX8Ftmz4RL4ynV8BBQGJTqBgknynOAB-fEWzR_dEmQVyTeSOdn34fTjEefwrTVfK8yRb6RUxCYF7MF2cAzHpo3bUoRgsw_ssbiDcz8BMBcemfoa4r10/s1600/Leo+Boissons+Nat%252750s+%2528ebay1%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="561" data-original-width="1249" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsfKfrRTOOS9cZK9p8gOyuoZcpCX8Ftmz4RL4ynV8BBQGJTqBgknynOAB-fEWzR_dEmQVyTeSOdn34fTjEefwrTVfK8yRb6RUxCYF7MF2cAzHpo3bUoRgsw_ssbiDcz8BMBcemfoa4r10/s640/Leo+Boissons+Nat%252750s+%2528ebay1%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">An order for bottle caps.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuJOK1XcBXODVZ_vAzQ8A-fCUargVHPDdLB0gs3F4tGVT4OI7HhrdgTNnsdkyilSG4iKUsEkTnsQkyMuUxJJ9-DBdNW-hSPre1K-ESYCrZN5K7hgVy8zNe1ljCgjRzXuhJW9vELcmlT3c/s1600/Alhadeff%252C+Maurice+Pepsi+%2528fetchnflip%2529_edited-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="774" data-original-width="500" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuJOK1XcBXODVZ_vAzQ8A-fCUargVHPDdLB0gs3F4tGVT4OI7HhrdgTNnsdkyilSG4iKUsEkTnsQkyMuUxJJ9-DBdNW-hSPre1K-ESYCrZN5K7hgVy8zNe1ljCgjRzXuhJW9vELcmlT3c/s640/Alhadeff%252C+Maurice+Pepsi+%2528fetchnflip%2529_edited-2.jpg" width="412" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Alhadeff (r.) at the Pepsi plant</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqrDZlXDZcJEQz0njTZOZiZb-Is_ehS-OWeT1YsuZkwCPWsMFRz1HzPc2nktXx0q9IGE2pvUKQmufcPs9coui1pSTirrjDEZnD7ybCqxOl_BmHcW7jdLdlSrefzuCLc0CrQU6FJ1tGN8A/s1600/Leo+H.Regina%252755+Baudouin+visit+%2528delcampe%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="679" data-original-width="896" height="484" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqrDZlXDZcJEQz0njTZOZiZb-Is_ehS-OWeT1YsuZkwCPWsMFRz1HzPc2nktXx0q9IGE2pvUKQmufcPs9coui1pSTirrjDEZnD7ybCqxOl_BmHcW7jdLdlSrefzuCLc0CrQU6FJ1tGN8A/s640/Leo+H.Regina%252755+Baudouin+visit+%2528delcampe%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">King Baudouin visits Leopoldville in 1955. <br />
The Pepsi-Cola and Martini neon signs were visible from Stanley Monument 10 kilometers away.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Another
investor in the soft drink market was the Compagnie Coloniale Belge, also known
as PEK, which operated a prestigious retail store on Ave Beernaert <i>(<a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/11/leopoldville-1919-founding-of.html">See Nov. 9, 2011</a>).</i> This firm
established a Canada Dry plant on Ave Olsen, just up the street from the Coca
Cola bottler. The Brasserie de
Leopoldville, for its part, came out with a tangerine flavored drink called
“Verigoud”. The new Bracongo Brewery,
established in 1954, came out with a line of soft drinks called “Bako” later
“Djino” and now “World Cola”.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjj_Yk2bfuMODqpIyUpoYdKYacY5MabEJaZWiI4U7U31BhjXLaMntqqCybQbrwbnYmZg83wn_6zSbloN3d6PGingg0T8YFCyVnMT0EeqAIHropSuwoWXJ9dOiaJajXTu1zmN_t7I2Ttujk/s1600/Kin+Bralima%252783+Verigoud+verso+%2528colnect%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1022" data-original-width="1024" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjj_Yk2bfuMODqpIyUpoYdKYacY5MabEJaZWiI4U7U31BhjXLaMntqqCybQbrwbnYmZg83wn_6zSbloN3d6PGingg0T8YFCyVnMT0EeqAIHropSuwoWXJ9dOiaJajXTu1zmN_t7I2Ttujk/s400/Kin+Bralima%252783+Verigoud+verso+%2528colnect%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmkGKyE2tR9gMk7k97mOoYvwyKOBZ5Go-8bV90bNWQdwOXvSZ6qkoB4WReBEKxA-fBSbfiY36KYysOETbuKhyq1-31LP3-80MqRmiY-STI4PQhkKR-bMhh53uHnFpZo5_3YU1RuMPDUsM/s1600/Leo+Funa+Verigoud+Ph.Depara+%2528artnet.fr%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="963" data-original-width="1102" height="556" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmkGKyE2tR9gMk7k97mOoYvwyKOBZ5Go-8bV90bNWQdwOXvSZ6qkoB4WReBEKxA-fBSbfiY36KYysOETbuKhyq1-31LP3-80MqRmiY-STI4PQhkKR-bMhh53uHnFpZo5_3YU1RuMPDUsM/s640/Leo+Funa+Verigoud+Ph.Depara+%2528artnet.fr%2529.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A body-builder at the Funa Club holding a Verigoud bottle. A Jean Depara photo.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">In
addition to his business ventures, Maurice Alhadeff was an important patron of
Congolese artists. He provided aspiring
carvers and painters with tools and materials and then purchased their
work. He advocated for a national museum
and art institute to house the voluminous collection of traditional artifacts
collected by the Musée de Vie Indigene <i>(<a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/09/leopoldville-1923-governors-house-and.html">Sep. 12, 2011</a>). </i> He supported, among
others, Nkusu Felelo, Francois Thango and Bela. In 1957, when the future President of the
post-independence Senate, Isaac Kalonji, was preparing for an exposure trip to
the United States, Alhadeff presented him with a painting by Albert Mongita to offer
to President Eisenhower. Just prior to Independence in June 1960, my father met
Alhadeff when he purchased of checked shirts and denim jeans for an
Independence event and we received a mask and a carving from his extensive
collection.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhEpCSuSGSN5uoYnxEENzLtN4ZvYhLPPloFhHh8jLXb85z7tTX5PfaIrcJnCrnoD28x53hP1Xul9iWwewbVyTtCei5qsjkYNlWoNm3A9ftfMP9ZuIfO1yft2mN09P2ONIrUcpGy_xMY5k/s1600/Alhadeff%252C+Maurice%252757+%2528cauvin-ceges%2529-copy_edited-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="592" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhEpCSuSGSN5uoYnxEENzLtN4ZvYhLPPloFhHh8jLXb85z7tTX5PfaIrcJnCrnoD28x53hP1Xul9iWwewbVyTtCei5qsjkYNlWoNm3A9ftfMP9ZuIfO1yft2mN09P2ONIrUcpGy_xMY5k/s640/Alhadeff%252C+Maurice%252757+%2528cauvin-ceges%2529-copy_edited-1.jpg" width="630" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Maurice Alhadeff in his office.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Shortly
after Congo’s Independence, the U.S. State Department organized a good will
cultural tour through West and Central Africa, headlining the jazz trumpeter
Louis Armstrong and his All Stars band.
In 1957, Armstrong cancelled a tour sponsored by the State Department to
the Soviet Union, faulting the Federal Government’s lack of response to
Governor Orval Faubus’ defiance of the Supreme Court’s desegregation order in
Arkansas. Now with the “winds of change”
bringing Independence to most of the colonial possessions on the continent, Armstrong
accepted a joint sponsorship by the State Department and Pepsi Cola International. Louis arrived in Leopoldville by ferry from
Brazzaville on October 28, 1960 with his spouse Lucille. </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Albert
Mongita, now Director of Cultural Affairs for the Congolese government, met the
Armstrongs in traditional costume at the ferry landing. Things were tense. The country was in the midst of a
constitutional crisis; President Kasavubu and Prime Minister Lumumba had sacked
each in September and Joseph Mobutu had staged his first coup to neutralize the
two. The United Nations peace-keeping mission
was trying to find its footing and a rash of strikes were crippling both the
public and private sector. There were food shortages in the city and across the
country, as well. Armstrong and his band claimed to have stopped the war for 24
hours – hyperbole perhaps -- but the concert in Stade Baudouin certainly did
bring out the crowds from the city.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3qSkBkWdYgRzEEr2he5FaPrCzRJv8v6_6b77UQt80aMevQTv8B-yLgLIb0R9D4Stg8_OQekXFr4X41_qz65HiAMNR5SHcof0BkprDvW29ATxumjwRluBA6aCFi5K0Ng_AKMsAwkDZl1Q/s1600/Leo+Armstrong+%2526+Mongita+beach+%2528loc.gov%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="560" data-original-width="725" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3qSkBkWdYgRzEEr2he5FaPrCzRJv8v6_6b77UQt80aMevQTv8B-yLgLIb0R9D4Stg8_OQekXFr4X41_qz65HiAMNR5SHcof0BkprDvW29ATxumjwRluBA6aCFi5K0Ng_AKMsAwkDZl1Q/s640/Leo+Armstrong+%2526+Mongita+beach+%2528loc.gov%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Albert Mongita greets Armstrong at the FIMA beach. Lucille is behind Armstrong on the right.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJZpD0rmsn7Je4LxekoM5y3spL-U0xbJWIEPQ4C5JwnvEIwaqWN-w9nmOwC-rKFkoR7JwIXADJ3SfNMlWNBMzwvN-X5ucGIQMREgYQ0py8hW83dgWJlpTTfqo-8NIlUEOaU-HUUSeYl3o/s1600/Leo+Brazza+Ferry%25276007+%2528skyrock1%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="611" data-original-width="928" height="420" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJZpD0rmsn7Je4LxekoM5y3spL-U0xbJWIEPQ4C5JwnvEIwaqWN-w9nmOwC-rKFkoR7JwIXADJ3SfNMlWNBMzwvN-X5ucGIQMREgYQ0py8hW83dgWJlpTTfqo-8NIlUEOaU-HUUSeYl3o/s640/Leo+Brazza+Ferry%25276007+%2528skyrock1%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The FIMA ferry in July 1960 during the mass exodus of expatriates after Independence.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim3rRVJVma_yhrtkTA3AhFu_b2jbayhCbPXgt06nmlhbZrZ-mmqGVXVF0Z2UBnurPdzsy71IOP7Wdz0uVworTJP_wFgee0ElMJ6SoPW8GF5m-j-ZfdwktVmO58uSMxFqwjKSxFX9MU5qg/s1600/Leo+Armstrong%252760+%2528meridian.org%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="408" data-original-width="600" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim3rRVJVma_yhrtkTA3AhFu_b2jbayhCbPXgt06nmlhbZrZ-mmqGVXVF0Z2UBnurPdzsy71IOP7Wdz0uVworTJP_wFgee0ElMJ6SoPW8GF5m-j-ZfdwktVmO58uSMxFqwjKSxFX9MU5qg/s640/Leo+Armstrong%252760+%2528meridian.org%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Armstrong carried into Stade Baudouin on a modernized Tipoy.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">At
the end of June 1961, Congo’s first anniversary of Independence, the Miss Leo 1961
pageant was organized in Parc De Bock across from the Zoo (<i><a href="http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/02/leopoldville-1956-tourist-circuit.html">Feb. 6, 2011</a></i>).
Bracongo Breweries (Polar) sponsored the Negro Success band, Pepsi sponsored the Jecokat
orchestra while Canada Dry paid for the announcement in the Courier d’Afrique
newspaper.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh_k1cWnQ5KrCpRvaIdc1Aqlb83O9Nw7-vuFNGL75_Qfhe29Ot5YlZMkvNyvhl-swbo8XddHMKumAwX_k32riWfHlzVN2VntC4e0V6yvLWptR5j8Imhv4LP3EDRhJ4oYfnCr4ROV3pX10/s1600/Leo+Miss+Leo%252761+CourAf+%2528mboka%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="431" data-original-width="598" height="460" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh_k1cWnQ5KrCpRvaIdc1Aqlb83O9Nw7-vuFNGL75_Qfhe29Ot5YlZMkvNyvhl-swbo8XddHMKumAwX_k32riWfHlzVN2VntC4e0V6yvLWptR5j8Imhv4LP3EDRhJ4oYfnCr4ROV3pX10/s640/Leo+Miss+Leo%252761+CourAf+%2528mboka%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Advertisement for the Miss Leo 1961 pageant in the Courier d'Afrique newspaper.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR_SwK2BtU3Xood8ZotAJS96PAzZe4ntTsGZmR7KvKc0H9QsNqDfwa54OD2M4Uo8T0wXadFUEdyrEoIwytovCpMcPc6w0J7DQmg8UNqpK_jNLLF5kEYgN9lEluxtMhyHxIOX3P2JYrqmA/s1600/Leo+Miss+Leo%252761+%2528ebay%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1429" data-original-width="1025" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR_SwK2BtU3Xood8ZotAJS96PAzZe4ntTsGZmR7KvKc0H9QsNqDfwa54OD2M4Uo8T0wXadFUEdyrEoIwytovCpMcPc6w0J7DQmg8UNqpK_jNLLF5kEYgN9lEluxtMhyHxIOX3P2JYrqmA/s640/Leo+Miss+Leo%252761+%2528ebay%2529.jpg" width="458" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mlle. Sophie Mbata, Miss Leopoldville 1961 - Her card says "La nouvelle bouteille hostesse"</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
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</div>
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</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: center;">The following September, Pepsi Cola sponsored an exhibit of Congolese artists at its headquarters in New York City, which featured some of Alhadeff’s protégés, including six pieces by Francois Thango. </span><o:p style="font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"></o:p><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: large; text-align: justify;">Some critics charged that Alhadeff was only generating more knock-offs for the tourist trade, but international recognition of some of his artists demonstrated that finding talent required a large net.</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbIENqmLsRZpECTbdswmAlAVP1x7jtzqCVLVIUCDox-YUu6FpZpiU0jMeGaCeZZy9tqOZ_f3S4lRkLq-chwEPtFu4MJBUqiFzE8U-24uOSsv_gogPfZ9un_aRMlEiZyH0vY6XEcReIhRI/s1600/Leo+Thango+%2528%2529.Jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="328" data-original-width="500" height="418" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbIENqmLsRZpECTbdswmAlAVP1x7jtzqCVLVIUCDox-YUu6FpZpiU0jMeGaCeZZy9tqOZ_f3S4lRkLq-chwEPtFu4MJBUqiFzE8U-24uOSsv_gogPfZ9un_aRMlEiZyH0vY6XEcReIhRI/s640/Leo+Thango+%2528%2529.Jpeg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Market scene by Thango</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGkjKYjNUlGBGDJ74LHsWNDaRCsnxKWpInJUeq7xtwWbmVzeJpp9wl7FUenHnyjjP5MspA623BXwSs_kOFLBi3lxbbXAGVyb0DhYG0r635Rk8VL8jT6x60g5YVfhHitE8Kh7wFNh9Q__g/s1600/Leo+Ivory+Market+H.Regina+%2528delcampe%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="730" data-original-width="957" height="488" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGkjKYjNUlGBGDJ74LHsWNDaRCsnxKWpInJUeq7xtwWbmVzeJpp9wl7FUenHnyjjP5MspA623BXwSs_kOFLBi3lxbbXAGVyb0DhYG0r635Rk8VL8jT6x60g5YVfhHitE8Kh7wFNh9Q__g/s640/Leo+Ivory+Market+H.Regina+%2528delcampe%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Ivory Market at Place Braconnier.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0CYhf_moAqiakG_GxEpc3BH7OsJkMcea9xU6GXgGsBD1JfvnSCwnLVIAJaTOA8OCnGM5kak4sFDFYE_ECyJu3Dphky9eY5Ly__Z3NZWG0BH4bwSpnUVqvuhRYOqzr2e2O32koJVONqNU/s1600/Leo+Ivory+Mkt%252760s+%2528webshots%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="435" data-original-width="697" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0CYhf_moAqiakG_GxEpc3BH7OsJkMcea9xU6GXgGsBD1JfvnSCwnLVIAJaTOA8OCnGM5kak4sFDFYE_ECyJu3Dphky9eY5Ly__Z3NZWG0BH4bwSpnUVqvuhRYOqzr2e2O32koJVONqNU/s640/Leo+Ivory+Mkt%252760s+%2528webshots%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Ivory Market in the early 1960s - note several UN soldiers looking for bargains.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">After
Independence, the soda bottlers continued to expand their production in
response to the burgeoning Kinshasa market.
By 1970, the Coca Cola bottler recorded sales up 59% from the previous
year. The Pepsi plant, Boissons
Nationales, had a daily production of 3,600 cases. The Zairianization in November 1973 presented
a problem for Pepsi. Ostensibly an
international corporation and exempt from the nationalization measures, it was
a franchise of the Alhadeff interests. Alhadeff had died in 1972, but the
family incorporated American Alhadeff in Delaware in an attempt to protect the
family investments.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-cr_lXWg5zf1UzB6ZzFllt-1lhhbVFNIIkLexmS4FGnFGtc_hO5oAT1KOYfm5X60FDJ3B0UXIcBzYsPR5U21NJhlvqmtT_cFDv8HvShMAtCq_QEn7zF_-72jh6ShaPtQQiuvkXmUYREk/s1600/Leo+Diacomichalis+Bldg%252761ca+%2528ebay%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="794" data-original-width="1224" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-cr_lXWg5zf1UzB6ZzFllt-1lhhbVFNIIkLexmS4FGnFGtc_hO5oAT1KOYfm5X60FDJ3B0UXIcBzYsPR5U21NJhlvqmtT_cFDv8HvShMAtCq_QEn7zF_-72jh6ShaPtQQiuvkXmUYREk/s640/Leo+Diacomichalis+Bldg%252761ca+%2528ebay%2529-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A sidewalk cafe outside the Diacomichalis building on Boulevard Albert.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheC286jyWan16hIwHPDkZHLRNquAEvnMuNzkbw9ieL3xOupZxPyCxM7G0W3Zh1Hvy47ZGafIB9HZ_SCKryEm8R7794cPXQfnewwy4bXS5zj_N8eBgc7STTvkCqlqvQmbIdSA4fIYoHqbE/s1600/Leo+Afro+Negro+Pepsi+%2528pinterest%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="855" data-original-width="564" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheC286jyWan16hIwHPDkZHLRNquAEvnMuNzkbw9ieL3xOupZxPyCxM7G0W3Zh1Hvy47ZGafIB9HZ_SCKryEm8R7794cPXQfnewwy4bXS5zj_N8eBgc7STTvkCqlqvQmbIdSA4fIYoHqbE/s640/Leo+Afro+Negro+Pepsi+%2528pinterest%2529.jpg" width="422" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Another Jean Depara photo taken outside the Afro Negro Night Club on Ave De Gaulle.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The
independent bottlers were in the crux of market forces. Canada Dry (Mineral Kin) does not appear to
have survived the Zairianization in 1974. Coca-Cola, now Indus Boissons, was
acquired by Bralima in 1992 and Pepsi’s Bonal in 1998. The Coca-Cola brand is everywhere in
Kinshasa, but Pepsi disappeared from the market (except for imported canned
drinks). New players include Industrie des Boissons au Congo, operating out of
the former Bata shoe factory on Ave. des Poids Lourds (the fate of that company
another story in itself). In addition to producing the new Coke Zero on the
local market, Bralima’s primary innovation is upscale marketing of the Vital’O
grenadine soda.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4nGTUlx6iu9_vrlaxc1OwBzy21nskNHipp8Df3HV7Z2d1WWyedYugB25TCDFNFqXJ4vj8Qj2HMuH-4UtnVazhOAzT3Ls84dj9R3O7m45Ac04qTNw73NC-bqfFXoJduQmfusJ5_S6FLoY/s1600/Kin+Ave+Lukusa%252716+Vitalo+%2528SS%2529-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="995" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4nGTUlx6iu9_vrlaxc1OwBzy21nskNHipp8Df3HV7Z2d1WWyedYugB25TCDFNFqXJ4vj8Qj2HMuH-4UtnVazhOAzT3Ls84dj9R3O7m45Ac04qTNw73NC-bqfFXoJduQmfusJ5_S6FLoY/s640/Kin+Ave+Lukusa%252716+Vitalo+%2528SS%2529-copy.jpg" width="398" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bralima's Vital'O on Ave. Lukusa.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsO4SLC6yk7gJtQzif8IgxSQRmK2FrRPZv5qi1U4lXHF1sk3AGAkuzExHIj7613UgVTXc6Kw-5WbPKVAlhbYFmXNcUaq1VjzBBksIXKuktEtozH0tuvbvw85N3o1RdwW4lpU0p1zd-SNY/s1600/Kin+Ave+Commerce+Pepsi%252718+%2528SS01aa%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1186" data-original-width="1600" height="474" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsO4SLC6yk7gJtQzif8IgxSQRmK2FrRPZv5qi1U4lXHF1sk3AGAkuzExHIj7613UgVTXc6Kw-5WbPKVAlhbYFmXNcUaq1VjzBBksIXKuktEtozH0tuvbvw85N3o1RdwW4lpU0p1zd-SNY/s640/Kin+Ave+Commerce+Pepsi%252718+%2528SS01aa%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Entrance to the old Pepsi plant on Ave. du Commerce. The detail in the guardhouse on the right attests to its former glory.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZr2xaYcCY2W4vg_Qt-_kJV6PMRfPbfIZu7mMhTR_T8N23QeR0M2aARIzvWqmtnKMysiqJvKQ7fXoWClWY-bGbRcfjfgx02fjWYdWINJS5vtXRCcnQ20rUHzomm3TaQymImagwEU_uFJ0/s1600/Kin+Pepsi%252717+Ngaliema+%2528SS1a%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="900" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZr2xaYcCY2W4vg_Qt-_kJV6PMRfPbfIZu7mMhTR_T8N23QeR0M2aARIzvWqmtnKMysiqJvKQ7fXoWClWY-bGbRcfjfgx02fjWYdWINJS5vtXRCcnQ20rUHzomm3TaQymImagwEU_uFJ0/s640/Kin+Pepsi%252717+Ngaliema+%2528SS1a%2529.jpg" width="360" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pepsi crate as a TV stand for a sentinelle's post.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">I
took my bottle to Boukin, the successor to the Bouteillerie de Leopoldville, to
see if they could identify my bottle. The people I talked to were skeptical. We only produce bottles for Bralima and each
one should have the Heineken star on it, they said. The most senior guy had worked for the
company 20 years. Returning home, I found a diamond shape with a five-pointed
star on the bottom of the bottle. Not discouraged, I found someone who could
connect me with a former manager of the factory. He explained that Boukin has operated uninterrupted since its founding and was purchased by Heineken in 1988. During its 70-year history, Bouleo-Boukin
produced all the glass beverage bottles in Kinshasa, including Pepsi and other
competitors, as well as for the pharmaceutical industry. My bottle would have been produced at Boukin
and judging from the style of the logo, probably made in the 1960s. </span></span><br />
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQc3HaZpcZagIz9Of16QqUs6faka76qO3zvT6kbI-dpPW0qpxP1oTvtWJT03rsGWLJG3Q02T8ap7zip8P2-IfNmWdGVj-wiIEgi8QVIqJub1DBbI3cWEgBpjGaYRTummS3yCKRyxUF5_Y/s1600/Kin+BouKin+bottles+%2528SS1a%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQc3HaZpcZagIz9Of16QqUs6faka76qO3zvT6kbI-dpPW0qpxP1oTvtWJT03rsGWLJG3Q02T8ap7zip8P2-IfNmWdGVj-wiIEgi8QVIqJub1DBbI3cWEgBpjGaYRTummS3yCKRyxUF5_Y/s640/Kin+BouKin+bottles+%2528SS1a%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A selection of Boukin's production on display.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Today, plastic competes with glass on the Kinshasa soft drink market and one can even buy Bralima beverages in glass bottles retail without a deposit. Sing the praises of returnables. Kinshasa’s storm drains and water channels choke with plastic detritus.</span></span></div>
<br />Mwana Mbokahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01575491982841275224noreply@blogger.com5